Starting with approximately 1900 and going to the present, how has Essay - 2

Starting with approximately 1900 and going to the present, how has international relations changed over this period Identify the major changes. What do you think are the main causes of those changes - Essay Example This war changed the concept of sovereignty, concept of national interests, nature of international conflicts and means of achieving an end to conflicts. The first major change in international relations was changes in politico-geographic settings. The global politico-geographical environments have changed from the settings of the 1900s. Powerful countries such as England, Germany and France were involved in the division of continents in order to advance their interests (Griffiths and O’Callaghan 45). After the first and second world wars, these countries were faced with a challenge of managing their colonies. As the colonizers left their colonies, the emerging countries began to assert their influence. In addition, the political-geographic settings have changed because of exponential growth in global population. Before the First World War, Europe decided on the issues of global peace and war. European countries such as Germany, England, France, Portugal and Italy had the influential powers to determine the future of the world. International was dominated and centered in Europe. The Second World War led to a change in political dynamics after Italy, Germany and Japan were defeated. The international centers of political power shifted from their European base to the U.S and Russia. The European powerhouses were weakened and could no longer maintain and manage their overseas colonies. Because of decolonization, several states emerged in Africa and Asia. This also introduced a new dynamic in international relations because the number of member states to the United Nations increased from 51 to 155 (Griffiths and O’Callaghan 162). The character of current international relations was influenced by these changes. Currently, all states insist on active participation in international relations . The second major change in international relations is the democratization of

Architectural Analysis of Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art Essay

Architectural Analysis of Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - Essay Example â€Å"Steven Holl Architects’ extension to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City has torn up the rule book of established codes of extension conduct and transformed the existing building into one of the most exciting exhibition spaces we’ve seen. The existing Nelson-Atkins museum is a ceremonial, classical structure – all colonnades, porticos and grand facades, sitting atop the undulating hillocks looking down on Kansas City. When in 1999, Steven Holl Architects entered the competition to build a suitable extension, it was the only firm daring enough to tamper with the existing facade and not hide its proposed structure in the shadow of the grand building. And it clearly paid off† (Yanko Design, 2007). In order to understand the choices that went into the Bloch Building, it is essential to understand architectural theory, philosophy, phenomenology and structuralism. Interpretive Strategies of Architecture as Art Though a kaleidoscopic array of the ories exist on the matter of architecture, three should suffice. By far the most important is the architects' theory: Stephen Holls', as explicated in his 2009 Urbanisms: Working with doubt. Holls' philosophy here is that urban planning in the 21st century faces qualitatively new techniques. He argues that the attempt to break down all architecture to quantitative mathematical analysis is quixotic and counter-productive; instead, architects must â€Å"work with† and manage doubt in increasingly complex cityscapes by managing Fragments, Porosity, Insertions, Precious and Fusion elements. Holls emphasizes phenomenology here. He argues, â€Å"It is odd that few urban planners speak of the important phenomenological characteristics determining the qualities of urban life – spatial energy and mystery, qualities of light, color, sound and smell. The subjectivity of urban experience must be held in equal importance to the objective and practical† (2009, pg. 16). Holl a rgues that, just as the brain has a rational left side and a creative right side, so too must urban planners synthesize art and science, and urban planning must represent both the vagaries of subjective psychology and the rationality of controlled and planned spaces created by mathematical-scientific intervention. What is phenomenology? â€Å""The philosophical movement that concentrates on the study of consciousness and its immediate objects† (Lecture 2). The distinction is complex. In essence, since the skeptical revolution of Hume, wherein it was demonstrated that it is impossible to philosophically know any empirical fact (such as that gravity follows the inverse square or that billiards bounce the way a pool shark knows they do) because of the limits of inductive logic and the fact that to generalize from the past to the future requires an untestable assumption: That the past is like the future (Hume, 1910). Kant then argued that not only was it impossible to know the na ture of things, their ontology, but in fact human beings could never get access to ontological truth. Just as a camera takes an image of the world but that photograph it produces is not the same as the world it represents (â€Å"Ceci pas un pipe†), the human eye makes a model of the real world, a model that psychology has increasingly come to realize is a highly specific one with many features jettisoned for ease of processing. That model is not the real world, so no matter how precise our instrumentation or perceptions, we are never seeing things as they are. Thus, Kant argued that the study of ontology was impossible, and sharply cut it off from the study of phenomenology, which Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre later developed (Lecture 2). What does this have to do with architecture? Holl's argument is only

Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATITVE RESEARCH METHODS What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research? In a nutshell, quantitative research generates numerical data or information that can be converted into numbers. Qualitative Research on the other hand generates non-numerical data. Many times those that undertake a research project often find theyare notaware of the differences between Qualitative Researchand Quantitative Research methods. Many mistakenly think the two terms can be used interchangeably. So what is the difference between Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research? Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and participation/observations. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota. Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations. Snap Survey Software is the ideal solution for a Quantitative Research tool where structured techniques such as large numbers of respondents and descriptive findings are required. Snap Survey Software has many robust features that will help your organization effectively gather and analyze quantitative data Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Methods The similarities and differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods can be confusing. Here is a simplified explanation. In quantitative research, you generally end up with data reduced to numbers, which are analyzed using statistics. Frequently, quantitative research is used to support or expand a theory that already exists. In qualitative research, you usually dont end up with numbers. Instead, you will describe and analyze a phenomenon using words. Sometimes, qualitative research is used to develop new theory that didnt exist before. The first thing to do in any research project is conceive, clarify and write a research question. After composing the research question, you compose a research plan, which includes the research method or methods you think would be best in answering the question. Quantitative and Qualitative Research What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research? In a nutshell, quantitative research generates numerical data or information that can be converted into numbers. Qualitative Research on the other hand generates non-numerical data. Only measurable data are being gathered and analyzed in quantitative research. Qualitative research focuses on gathering of mainly verbal data rather than measurements. Gathered information is then analyzed in an interpretative manner, subjective, impressionistic or even diagnostic. Here’s a more detailed point-by-point comparison between the two types of research: 1. Goal or Aim of the Research Quantitative Research on the other hand focuses more in counting and classifying features and constructing statistical models and figures to explain what is observed. Qualitative Quantitative Hypothesis Broad Narrow Description Whole picture Focused Type of Research Exploratory Conclusive 2. Usage Qualitative Research is ideal for earlier phases of research projects while for the latter part of the research project, Quantitative Research is highly recommended. Quantitative Research provides the researcher a clearer picture of what to expect in his research compared to Qualitative Research. Qualitative Quantitative Phase Early Late 3. Data Gathering Instrument The researcher serves as the primary data gathering instrument in Qualitative Research. Here, the researcher employs various data-gathering strategies, depending upon the thrust or approach of his research. Examples of data-gathering strategies used in Qualitative Research are individual in-depth interviews, structured and non-structured interviews, focus groups, narratives, content or documentary analysis, participant observation and archival research. On the other hand, Quantitative Research makes use of tools such as questionnaires, surveys, measurements and other equipment to collect numerical or measurable data. 4. Type of Data The presentation of data in a Qualitative Research is in the form of words (from interviews) and images (videos) or objects (such as artifacts). If you are conducting a Qualitative Research what will most likely appear in your discussion are figures in the form of graphs. However, if you are conducting a Quantitative Research, what will most likely appear in your discussion are tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics. 5. Approach Qualitative Research is primarily subjective in approach as it seeks to understand human behavior and reasons that govern such behavior. Researchers have the tendency to become subjectively immersed in the subject matter in this type of research method. In Quantitative Research, researchers tend to remain objectively separated from the subject matter. This is because Quantitative Research is objective in approach in the sense that it only seeks precise measurements and analysis of target concepts to answer his inquiry. Determining Which Method Should Be Used Debates have been ongoing, tackling which method is better than the other. The reason why this remains unresolved until now is that, each has its own strengths and weaknesses which actually vary depending upon the topic the researcher wants to discuss. This then leads us to the question â€Å"Which method should be used?† If your study aims to find out the answer to an inquiry through numerical evidence, then you should make use of the Quantitative Research. However, if in your study you wish to explain further why this particular event happened, or why this particular phenomenon is the case, then you should make use of Qualitative Research. Some studies make use of both Quantitative and Qualitative Research, letting the two complement each other. If your study aims to find out, for example, what the dominant human behavior is towards a particular object or event and at the same time aims to examine why this is the case, it is then ideal to make use of both methods.

Mafia - A History Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history, crime has existed in many different forms and has been committed by not only individuals, but by groups as well. Crime is something that knows no boundaries; it exists in all cultures, is committed by all races, and has existed in all time periods. Crime exists as a part of the economic institution and is a lifestyle for many people. Crime also exists in both organized and un organized forms. Since the early 1900's, "organized" crime has existed in the United States. The following will show where, when, and why the Mafia came to the United States, who organized it in the United States, and how it differed from its origins in the European mafia. By showing this you will see how this specific type of organized crime has In the ninth century, Arab forces occupied Sicily. The native Sicilians were oppressed and took refuge in the surrounding hills. The Sicilians formed a secret society to unite the natives against the Arab and Norman invaders. This secret so ciety was called Mafia after the Arabic word for refuge. The society's intentions were to create a sense of family based on ancestry and Sicilian heritage. In the 1700's, pictures of a black hand were distributed to the wealthy. This was an unspoken request for an amount of money in return for protection. If the money was not paid, the recipients could expect violence such as kidnappings, bombings, and murder. By the nineteenth century, this society grew larger and more criminally oriented. In 1876, Mafia Don Rafael Palizzolo, ran for political office in Sicily. He forced the voters to vote for him under gunpoint. After being elected into office, he promoted Mafia Don Crispi as Prime Minister. Together the two put Sicily under government control and funneled government funds to the society known as the Mafia. In the 1800's, New Orleans was the largest Mafia site in the United States. It was while investigating the murder of an Italian immigrant that the current Police Chief, David H ennessey discovered the existence of this secret society. Police Chief Hennessey was assassinated before this murder case could go to trial. Twelve men were charged with this assassination but were lynched by a newly formed vigilante group. The Italian Ambassador demanded that the vigilantes be tried. President Harrison who disproved of the vigilantes and gave a large cash settlement to the families ... ...ia consists of a large group of glorified thieves, pickpockets and murderers. Although it began with the adoption of much of the Sicilian heritage it has evolved into an organization that's sole purpose is to make money using any illegal means possible. The members of the American Mafia use extortion, bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, kidnapping, and murder to achieve their ends. The above research has shown that the Mafia has become a wide spread problem. The Mafia has continued to grow and infest our society from the early 1900's. It continues to exploit and destroy the honest citizens of our country. Now, these criminal organizations not only control the adults of our communities but also have begun, through the sale and distribution of narcotics, to control our children. Crime organizations must be stopped however this is a difficult task. They have infiltrated members of our government and law enforcement agencies with the lure of money. Unfortunately, crime does pay in m any instances. It is up to each of us to not look the other way, but be aware that there are really no victimless crimes. One way or another, we all pay either by higher taxes or by a more violent society.

Media : empowering women in globalize world Essay

â€Å"Women must not accept; she must challenge she must not be awed by that it has been built up around her she must reverence that woman in her which struggles for expression†. -Margaret Sanger â€Å"There is no chance of the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on one wing.† – Swami Vivekananda Media is a part of culture and society. It is widely accepted that media are transmitters of culture and engines behind globalizing cultures. We live in a globalizing age in which people around the world participate in a single information order. Because of globalization and the power of internet,  people from Caracas to Cairo are able to receive the same popular music, news, films and television programs. There is a clear intersection between women’s empowerment and media development in the globalizing world. Media were explicitly implicated in the second and third waves of women’s empowerment. The proliferation of media, the explosion of new technologies and the emergence of social media in many parts of the world have provided multiple sources for access to gender related information and knowledge. While inequalities and gender stereotypes exist in social structures and the minds of people, media have the potential to propagate and perpetuate or ameliorate these. S o, media workers can play an important role in opening up thinking of gender equality and gender-based stereotypes through media. Before discussing the topic â€Å"Media: empowering women in a globalize world†- it is important to define the concept of ‘media’, ‘empowerment’ and ‘globalization’ What is media? The term media is defined as a means of communication that operates on a large scale, reaching and involving virtually everyone in the society to a greater or lesser degree. Media feed the people with the latest information and create the need for change in contemporary society. Media plays a vital role in dissemination of information. Media is the today’s most powerful vehicle in molding of beliefs, attitudes, values and lifestyles. By becoming more gender aware in content and language, media can present a clearer and more accurate picture of the roles and responsibilities of both men and women in the society. It also paved the way for greater courage of human rights issues, and the condition of marginalized social groups. Media: Types and Influences Media has become an integral part of our lives and cannot be separated from our lives. The media include a wide variety of forms including print media, electronic media and new age media. Print media includes newspapers, books and pamphlets. Electronic media includes television and radio while the new age media include the internet and mobile phones. It is worth remembering  that there have been three recent revolutions in the history, i.e. agrarian revolution in farming, industry revolution & mass production and information revolution that provides global access. We are now in the midst of information revolution. Due to continuing developments in media technology, we are flooded by a huge volume of non-stop information. Media technologies allow us to take part ‘virtually ‘in occasions and activities in other parts of the world. Definition of empowerment of Women Empowerment is about people- women and men- taking control over their lives, setting their own agendas, gaining skills, building self-confidence, participating in decision-making process and solving problems. Empowerment requires having access to and control over resources and the benefits that are derived from development efforts. It is both a process and an outcome. Economic empowerment of women means – ensure women’s full participation in mainstream economic activities including decision making, implementation, access & control and enjoy equal benefits. Social empowerment of women means – the transformation of attitudes and beliefs about the rights, roles and capacities of women has enabled them to participate more fully in various spheres of life. Political empowerments of women means- take positive discrimination measures for women to ensure equal participation of women in politics. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? Globalization means to know about the social, political and economic empowerment of the women through their status. Globalization is a mode of sharing of the experiences, exchange of ideas, technology and network of the institutions and organizations through bilateral and multilateral arrangements. There are various means by which globalization mitigate the cross border problems with the help of air planes, telephone services, e-mails and instant capital flows. Globalization strengthening partnerships with civil society, particularly women organizations. It is the phenomenon of increased integration of the world economy as evidenced by the international trade and factor mobility. In the feminist analysis of  globalization, two views are existent regarding the impact of globalization on women and these reveal two divert directions: (1)The critics of globalization. These views identified four major criticisms. These include: The gendered division of labor Women’s marginalization in the informal sector of the economy The exploitative nature of Multi-National Corporations Negative impact of Structural Adjustment programmes imposed in the name of globalization. (2)The second believe that are many positives and advantages for women bringing about women’s advancement. These including: Enhanced employment opportunities for women Helping to ease the problem of poverty Strengthening women’s networks Improving the access of women to health, micro-credit, employment opportunities and information in general. Globalization and the Media Until the 1970s, the media industry was differentiated into distinct sectors-for the most part, cinema, print media, radio and television broadcasting all operated independently of one another. In the past three decades, profound transformations have taken place within the media industry. National markets have given way to a fluid global market, while new technologies have led to the fusion of forms of media that were once distinct. By the start of the twenty-first century, the global media market was dominated by a group of about twenty multinational corporations whose role in the production, distribution and marketing of news and entertainment of news could be felt in almost every country in the world. These are the six major shifts that have contributed to bringing about the global media order: †¢Increasing concentration of ownership: The global media is now dominated by a small number of powerful corporations. Small-scale, independent media companies have gradually been incorporated into highly centralized media conglomerates. †¢A shift from public to private ownership: In the past few decades, the  liberalization of the business environment and the relaxing of regulations has led to the privatizations of media companies in many countries. †¢Transnational corporation structures: Media companies no longer operate strictly within national boundaries. Likewise, media ownership rules have been loosened to allow cross-border investment and acquisition. †¢Diversification over a variety of media products: The media industry has diversified and is much less segmented than in previous times. Enormous media conglomerates, such as AOL-Time warner profiled below, produce and distribute a mix of media content, including music, news, print media and television programming. †¢A growing number of corporate media mergers: There has been a trend towards alliances between companies in different segments of the media industry. Telecommunication firms, computer hardware and software manufactures and media content producers are increasingly involved in corporate mergers as media forms become increasingly integrated. †¢Contribution to the women’s empowerment: Today, media has an important role to play – to create awakening in women to achieve their potential as the prime movers of change in society. Gender sensitive indicators for media 76% of the people heard or read about in the world’s news are male. The world seen in news media remains largely a male one.† –Who Makes the News, Global Media Monitoring Project, 2010 The aim of the Gender-Sensitive Indicators for Media (GSIM) is to contribute to gender equality and women’s empowerment in and through media of all forms, irrespective of the technology used. The media are a channel to examine the right to freedom of opinion and expression. For empowerment efforts to be successful, women must be able to exercise their rights in the same manner and to the same extent as their male counterparts. Yet, being able to exercise a universally declared human right is insufficient for empowerment. Allowing women access to communication systems, such as media, does not guarantee that their opinions will be expressed equally or that their participation in the media will be mainstreamed: stereotyping and alienation of women by the media are still remarkably widespread phenomena (WACC 2010). According to the International Federation of Journalists (2009), â€Å"If we continue at the current rate of progress, it will take another 75 years to achieve gender equality in media.† Indicators pertaining to gender equality measure the extent to which women participate and are fairly represented in the media. Two main categories make up the gender sensitive indicators for media. These are: Category A: Actions to foster gender equality within media organizations Gender balance at decision-making level. Gender equality in work and working conditions. Gender equality in unions, associations, clubs and organizations of journalists, other media professionals and media self-regulatory bodies. Media organizations promote ethical codes and policies in favor of gender equality in media content. Gender balance in education and training. Category B: Gender portrayal in media content Gender portrayal in news & current affairs. Gender portrayal in advertising. Media’s Role in empowerment of women in a globalize world Communication is extremely important for women’s development and media play significant role. Growths of women’s education and their entries into employment have contributed to the growth of media. In all spheres of life whether for controlling population growth, spread of literacy or improving quality of life for vast masses, women have crucial role to play. However, women can be expected to play this role when they become conscious of their strength and are not deliberately marginalized by male domination. In this context, media has an important role to play – to create awakening in women to achieve their potential as the prime movers of change in society. In  today’s world, print, electronic and social media play a vital role in effectively conveying message that needs to be conveyed. Electronic and Print media: Empowerment of women Electronic media such as radio and television as well as print media such as books play a vital role in empowering women. In this context, media has an important role to play – to create awakening in women to achieve their potential as the prime movers of change in society. In today’s world, print and electronic media play a vital role in effectively conveying message that needs to be conveyed. â€Å"Family, society and workplace – women journalists have to deal with all three – the family allows them to work as pilots or doctors, but not as journalists† – Participant at roundtable in Dhaka, Bangladesh In such a rapidly changing environment, women in media have a large responsibility in not only changing attitude towards women but also shaping public opinion. In today’s world, with women holding responsible position in newspapers or electronic media, their competency is extend to a wider area and a range of issues. More importantly, a woman journalist is expected to show more sensitivity to issues relating to women and to more meaningful insights and perspectives. A significant number of women journalists are very successful in magazines dealing with various problems of women and child. With sensitivity and skill for analyzing events in depth, issues such as women abuse and exploitation, harassment of women at workplace and the trauma of HIV infected women, female infanticide in rural areas find a prominent place in such magazines. The magazines deal with the issues more in depth compared to newspapers and women are considered competent to handle such stories. As per a study in the NCR there are around 900 women journalists and even in cities like Chennai the number is impressive 200. Journalism is no more a male domain. This new trend has also led to a change in the portrayal of women in the media in general and newspaper in particular. It is important to mention here the success of ‘Khabar Lahariya’. A group of eight women belonging to backward class bring out this paper from the Bundelkhand region. This paper which is being funded by an NGO was started with an aim to encourage women to fight for their own rights. Such kinds of initiative are required in every nook and corner of our country, so as to empower the women at grass root level.  But on the other hand, the risks women in the media face, both in the urban and rural areas, have also to be seriously considered. As we move down, from the metropolitan towns and the state capitals, the risks increase. In remoter rural areas a woman journalist and particularly a reporter is a novelty not easily accepted and assimilated in the social milieu. Zakia Zaki, shot dead in her home in Afganistan Nadia Sharmeen was attacked and hospitalized in Bangladesh. She was harassed because of our religious fundamentalism. Despite these environments, It is noticed that more and more young graduates are joining the journalism degree and diploma courses, with an ambition to make a mark in the profession, and quite a good proportion of them are girls. With the rapid expansion, almost a proliferation of the electronic media through satellite channels, with the popularity of the FM on the radio and with the growth of the print media, notwithstanding the electronic media, now there is a good scope for absorption of both men and women qualified journalists in various media outlets. Women, young and old, are prepared to weather the risks. The society, therefore, must make arrangements to provide adequate security to the vulnerable section of women in the media to promote their participation at all levels. At last, it can be said that, now-a-days both electronic and print media play an extremely significant role in spreading awareness, promoting alternative-empowered images of women, breaking down stereotypes and shaping mindset. Women entering the labor market are at its peak, there is increase in the number of educated women, and heightened awareness of their mobilization to fight against the unjust and discrimination. Social Media: A tool for Women Empowerment Social media play a vital role for empowering women. Social media could enhance women’s participation in economic and political life, and allows them to increase their self-expression and promote social change, and this is a strong belief that has risen up in the society. For example, large segments of the population have been empowered by the sweeping societal and political transformations in the Arab region, where women became the main drivers for regional change and more engaged in civic and political actions  and took over a leading role in the historic changes sweeping over the region. However, at the regional and global levels reached a debate about the role of social media in these transformations, making it to the policy making circles. This graph shows to what extent the following statements (below each bar) regarding women and social media are valid- Fimage When analyzing the graph, it appears that the most popular use for social media as a tool of empowerment being communication and self-expression is followed by civic participation and social change. It was found at that more men (65%) than women (62%) believed that social media can be used for the political empowerment of women (Dubai School of Government Report, 2011). Women advancement through the blogosphere Blogging has become a solitary platform for free speech in the world. Many female bloggers in the world face a unique challenge: to speak out about women’s issues often means going against the grain of family and society, but there are well-known female bloggers discussing issues unique to women. Being part of the blogosphere will create a psychological support for women who are hesitant about starting their own blog. This is a key factor in advancing women’s courage to take their own personal initiatives. Against oppression and injustice in their communities, women can freely speak out with no censorship of their voices, through their blogs. Blogs are used as public diaries where women discuss personal and public issues in their life and development. Storytelling used by women in blogs to introduce their thoughts has been proven to have its major effect. The image of woman portrayed in mainstream media is that of a submissive stereotypical image. Alternative media concept originally aroused from the mainstream media’s black out of alternative opinion. It can be defined by rediscovering the purpose of mass communication. Alternative media are media inclusive of newspapers, radio, TV, magazines, movies, internet, etc. which provide alternative information to the mainstream media in a given context, whether the mainstream media are commercial, publicly supported or government owned. The main characteristics of alternative media are: †¢ Small scale and oriented towards specific communities, possibly disadvantaged groups, respecting their diversity; †¢ Independent of state and market †¢ Horizontally structured, allowing for the facilitation of audience access and participation within the frame of democratization and multiplicity †¢ Carriers of non – dominant discourses and representations, stressing the importance of self-representation. The main objective of alternative media towards woman’s empowerment is to support social struggles, awaken women’s consciousness to their subordination, advocate and defend rights. It also aims to promote various groups reflection and popular communication.  Alternative media provides an alternative platform to voice the plight of woman against various marginalization and it connects amongst the weaker sections of the society who are deprived of their will to fight against their basic human rights. Various alternative media practices in the world: Woman’s community radio: It is a kind of alternative media effectively nurtures equality, diversity and promotes democratic values amongst women. It help in promoting the grassroots activism and gives a whole range of platform to a â€Å"feminist public sphere† and serve as tool for woman’s empowerment. World pulse magazine: It was founded in 2003 and a nonprofit NY media organization in which ground level initiatives network of people has grown into an international network connecting women across borders and building and rising pulse of women’s empowerment across the globe. Such media help woman to become voice of change. GAMCOTRAP: It is a movement organization which is abbreviated as Gambia committee on traditional practices that affect health of women and children is a space where women speak in their own language – the very personnel and intimate experiences to express the challenges they face and share the coping strategies they have employed. NYC grassroots media coalition: It is the coalition which works to build the capacity of diverse communities to communicate, collaborate and strategize ways to increase awareness and participation in independent media and social justice movements. Democracy now: An alternative news service hosted by Amy Goodman. It plays a more subtle role which serves to sow powerful seeds of misinformation in a way that the ‘compromised’ mainstream media cannot. Black music radio or pirate radio: a form of alternative media that defies narrow definitions focused on radical content and social movement. Indy media: It is the Independent Media Centre â€Å"is a network of collectively run media outlets for the creation of radical, accurate, and passionate telling of the truth.† AlterNet is news-magazine and online community that challenges the right wing media in the United States. OneWorld.net: It brings together the latest news and views from over 1,600 organizations promoting human rights awareness and fighting poverty worldwide. Jay’s Leftist & â€Å"Progressive† Internet Resources Directory is a vast site. Check on the Alternative Media topic, (under Subjects), which includes magazines (such as the New Internationalist, Third World Resurgence and Resurgence), publishers, e-zines and radio/TV. Community Broadcasting Online: It provides background information and links to Australian community radio and television. Alternative Radio is a source for public affairs programming which is made available without charge to all public radio stations. The Common Dreams News Center: It provides â€Å"news & views for the progressive community† as does Z-Net and the Alternative Press Review – all are American. Z-net also has an Alternative Media Watch page. Global Voices Online: It scans the international community of bloggers to bring attention to news that otherwise might go unseen. Conclusion â€Å"If you educate a man you educate an individual, but if you educate a woman you educate an entire family†. – Mahatma Gandhi So, education is also one of the prime needs of women towards its development and empowerment in the society. With education, media can act as a platform or bridge to surpass the barrier of essential communication and

Economic Growth Essay

Consider the following examples of economic activities: †¢ Purchasing of groceries †¢ Massive layoff of employees †¢ Decrease in taxes Describe how each of these activities affects government, households, and businesses. Describe the flow of resources from one entity to another for each activity. Relate at least one current event to the activities. †¢ Inflation rate It is based on the rising price of good and services and falling purchasing power. This measurement shows how fast currency loses value. This is calculated by how fast prices for goods and services rise over time, or how much less one unit of exchange buys now equated to one unit of exchange at a given time in the past. †¢ Real GDP Real variable, such as the real interest rate, is one where the effects of inflation have been factored in. Real Gross Domestic Product measures the worth of all the goods and services produced stated in the prices of some base year. †¢ Nominal GDP A nominal variable is one where the effects of inflation have not been accounted for. The Nominal Gross Domestic Product measures the worth of all the goods and services produced stated in current prices. Macroeconomics is perceived as a relatively new concept considering the lack of interest in studying the economy before the 1930s. However, a specific terminology was created that dealt with the problems that is faced by the economy daily. That has aided in a better understanding the differences between macro and microeconomics. Macroeconomics speaks of the aggregate economic facotors and entails employment, interest rates and gross domestic product of nations. Purchasing of Groceries The amount of money spent in each household differ based on the size and  specific needs of the family. A larger family will have a higher grocery bill in most cases. The government palys a major role because grocery items are taxed and will dtermine how much groceries families may be able to purchase. Businesses are also affected by consumers’when sales decrease due to their inability to shop due to price increase. This will bring in less revenue for the business. Massive Layoff of Employees A massive layoff is an unpleasant occurrence for all involved. This is an indication of the economic state of the company as it implies downsizing of the company. In this situation, the company will impose more responsibility on the few workers that they do have. They would not be able to operate sufficiently. This would impact households this represents a decease or complete (cut) in income. The standard of living of affected households will drop as a result of being laid off. The government will also be affected by massive layoff of employees due to the them having to pay unemployment to these individuals.

ANWR essays

ANWR essays Open land stretching for miles in all directions, with on of the worlds greatest natural resource sitting beneath the surface. What is it you ask? It is oil. In Alaska, there are tons of barrels of oil coming out of existing oil production plants, but they will not be giving out as much oil as they once did. The Prudhoe Bay oil field will soon be drying up and Alaska will need a new place to drill for oil. How will Alaska fulfill this task of gaining more oil. Well there is this land in the northeast corner of Alaska called ANWR, which stands for Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. ANWR is where the oil companies want to drill for oil. There are only a few problems. The Alaska government wants ANWR open but the federal government doesnt want to open ANWR because it will disturb the natural habitat which really annoys the environmentalist. ANWR should be opened for drilling because it will create many new jobs. The environmentalists dont want the oil companies to disturb the natural habitat, but Prudhoe Bay has been operating for 17 years without any detectable environmental damages, and everyone would be able to gain economic wealth. One reason Alaska should open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is because it will create many new jobs. Many people who are high in political authority say Alaska should open ANWR for jobs. Senator Murkowski and Ted Stevens want ANWR open for the jobs it would create. And George Bush wanted Alaska to drill because it would help his energy strategy, which would create new jobs. The oil companies say that there is probably oil located beneath the ground in the ANWR, and if there were oil down there that Alaska could drill, the oil companies would have to build new plants to bring up the oil, so they would need more workers which would mean new jobs for Alaskans. Tony Knowles said that maintaining the land Alaskans love as I am about maintaining jobs so we can live here.1...

Guide to Al Qaedas Network Structure

Guide to Al Qaeda's Network Structure Also see: Al Qaeda leaders The Al Qaeda Network Some organizations may have operational ties to Osama bin Ladens core group. Increasingly, however, groups pledging allegiance to Al Qaeda have no formal association whatever. While many analysts use the metaphor of marketing to describe Al Qaeda as a brand, and its offshoots as franchises, others describe the decentralization phenomenon in terms of a core group of professionals, surrounded by new membership in grassroots affiliates. This decentralization is a consequence of strategy, not accident, according to analyst Adam Elkus. In 2007, he wrote that: Al Qaeda has been moving towards decentralization ever since the invasion of Afghanistan, with isolated cells and loosely affiliated groups that have only a tenuous connection to the greater Al Qaeda hierarchy tapping into Some of these knock-off groups spring from pre-existing militant groups committed to some version of Islamist transformation of their society. In Algeria, for example, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb is a new incarnation of another group, the Salafist Group for Call and Combat, which has had a long, and violent, commitment to overthrowing the Algerian government. The groups sudden commitment to Al Qaeda- style global jihad should be taken with a grain of salt or, at the least, examined in light of its local history. Al Qaeda- core organization: The original group headed by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al ZawahiriAl Qaeda in Iraq: An organization founded after the U.S. invasion of Iraq, AQI has morphed several times since.The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Tanzim Al-Jihad): Egyptian Islamic Jihad was founded in the 1970s, and well known for its assassination of Egyptian President Sadat in 1981. It is a good example of an organization that has historically had a far greater interest in violent transformation of the Egyptian government than it has in a global jihad.Ansar Al Islam: This Iraqi Kurdish organization was founded in 2001, and operates in the northern areas of Iraq and Iran. Its membership includes a number of members who trained or fought in Afghanistan, with bin Laden, and it is presumed to have close operational ties with Al Qaeda in the region.Al Jemaah Al Islamiyya: Al Jemaah Al Islamiyyah (The Islamic Group) is a southeast Asian group dedicated to bringing Islamist rule to the area. The Unite d States suspects it of ties to Al Qaeda, but these seem tenuous on a large scale. Lashkar-i-Tayyiba: This Kashmir-based Sunni Pakistani group has historically directed its attacks at India. Leaders and members have demonstrated ties to some Al Qaeda members.Al Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb: This Algerian group grew out of one dedicated to the overthrow of the Algerian government. Its name change was accompanied by a pledge to put Western targets in its sights.Abu Sayyaf: This Philippine group has been called an Al Qaeda affiliate, but there is little evidence of a meaningful operational tie. Indeed, the organization is more like a criminal network than one committed to an ideological goal.

Business Society Planet

By accessing different articles discussing the concept named â€Å"The Triple Bottom Line†, I have developed the fundamental knowledge associated with one of the vital factors of sustainability and its impact on the global business. In the process of investigation, I have gained the significant understanding by reviewing the work developed by Timothy F. Slapher, who is a Ph.D. from Indiana University. Thanks to the particular work, I achieved the suitable perception regarding the meaning and concepts of the triple bottom line (TBL) and its applicability to the business (Bocken, et al., 2014). Over the past decade, maintaining or achieving sustainability is one of the key goals of the companies, whether it is a profit making, non-profit, or government enterprise.   From the different research works conducted by the previous scholars and academics, I have observed that the businesses from multiple genres find it challenging to measure the required degree of sustainability rega rding the operations and activities. Therefore, measuring the required level of sustainability is an unavoidable approach for the modern day businesses to ensure the achievement of sustainable growth (Boons & Là ¼deke-Freund, 2013). Different researchers like John Elkington strove to measure the sustainability during the mid-1990s by encompassing a unique framework gauging the performance of the corporate businesses of America. From the overall analysis of the theoretical works developed related to TBL, I have obtained the understanding that the particular factor reflects a useful accounting framework incorporating three magnitudes of performance: social, financial, and environmental (Bocken, et al., 2013). All of these perspectives apply to the operations of the business organizations to ensure the induction of ecological and social measures, which creates some significant challenges in different sectors. By the application of different studies, I have gained the knowledge that there are â€Å"five types of sustainable capital available for the business†. These capitals are responsible for shaping up the goods and services produced by the firm with the inclusion of quality. The identified process subsequently helps to promote the enhancement of healthy lives within the respective society. The five forms of capitals are known as manufacturing capital, financial capital, social capital, human capital, and natural capital (Seuring, 2013). I identify the suitable differentiation regarding these five individual types through analysing a project developed to provide appropriate explanation. In case of the natural capital, it refers to the available stock or energy of the business responsible for producing the goods or services for the community. The stock may include the renewable or non-renewable resources or the major processes like the climate regulations. On the other hand, human capital in the form of knowledge, skills, and motivation of the individuals are also liable to produce the product by the business. Social capital deals with the institutions helping to develop the human capital by the productive collaborations from others like the businesses, communities, or trade unions (Welford, 2013). Manufacturing capital suggests the fixed assets or materials supporting the production process. Lastly, financial capital plays the most important role to the overall economy while providing understanding to the business regarding the types of capital to be owned or traded. Combining all of these capitals in the right place to produce the goods or services is a highly challenging task for the global businesses, as the process requires the suitable availability of needful sources.   Dunphy et al. (2003) have identified â€Å"The Six Phases of Business Approaches to Sustainability† stating six framing principles for the designing the economic models of the organizations in a non-linear world. Based on the analysis of the particular work, I understand that these policies should need to be treated as the philosophy for the organizations and the business practices must need to be developed accordingly. The concepts of these principles are based on managing uncertainty, ability to adopt, maintaining openness, developing the participatory cultures and tools, shaping up a value-based approach, and establishing the system of change (Kolk & Buuse, 2013). All of these concepts are needed to be maintained by the business for promoting the development of a sustainable presence in the modern day environment. In the process of managing uncertainty, organizations face challenges diagnostically regarding the detection of underlying patterns and hidden relationships drivi ng the particular type of chaos. On the other hand, the modern day business environment is highly competitive and dynamically changing (Seuring, 2013). Therefore, the global companies are facing a considerable amount of difficulty regarding the ability to adapt and response accordingly while continuously learning to become agile. Lastly, I have come to know about some important examples where businesses successfully able to adopt the sustainable requirements to become a sustainable organization in the global context. The leading names like Starbucks and Ford have adopted the best practices required to develop sustainable business operations through changing and modifying their policies (Bocken, et al., 2014). Specifically, I have observed that the activities of these companies are altered dramatically by considering the critical climate change policies identified by their respective country government.   Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,  65, 42-56. Bocken, N., Short, S., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2013). A value mapping tool for sustainable business modelling.  Corporate Governance,  13(5), 482-497. Boons, F., & Là ¼deke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.  Journal of Cleaner Production,  45, 9-19. Kolk, A., & Buuse, D. (2013). Business models for sustainable energy development.  The European Financial Review,  2013(April-May), 64-69. Seuring, S. (2013). A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.  Decision support systems,  54(4), 1513-1520. Welford, R. (2013).  Hijacking environmentalism: Corporate responses to sustainable development. Routledge.  

What evidence do the narrative accounts provide for the diversity of Essay

What evidence do the narrative accounts provide for the diversity of early Christianity - Essay Example The idea of being a shepherd was considered hazardous, tiring, and demanding, but Jesus considered himself as the good Shepherd. According to John 10:11, a shepherd will lay down his life for the sheep while 1st Samuel 17: 34-35 asserts that Jesus is like spirit since he lays down his life for mankind. In addition, Jesus interaction with the Samaritan woman and subsequent telling the Priests that tax collectors and prostitutes would go to heaven drew a lot of controversy among early Christianity. Jesus taught the scriptures privately to a woman which was against the prevailing law and the woman agreed to tell the news to the town. Jesus demonstrated the he was a gift from God by telling a Samaritan woman to give him water according to John 4: 7-27. In the book of Matthew 2:1; 14, 21, Jesus was born in Bethlehem and he subsequently departed to Egypt and finally went to the land of Israel. On the other hand, Luke 1:26;2:1-7, the gospel is clear that Angel Gabriel was sent from God to c ity of Nazareth to Virgin Mary, but the gospel still asserts that Joseph also went from city of Nazareth to Judea in Bethlehem (Hurtado 109). Jesus healing parables attracted a lot of controversy among his followers.

CVS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

CVS - Essay Example To keep growing its elderly client base, the areas that it should emphasize on include, optimal satisfaction, accuracy and speed, helpfulness and courtesy, and improve knowledge of the pharmacists. This way, the elderly population in need of confrontational services from qualified pharmacists can get personal advice with regard to understanding their personal health concerns, get consistent access to appropriate medication, receive customized services, and encounter short wait times. By engaging in these practices, CVS would be in a position to outperform major competing drug stores and address the needs of the elderly appropriately (Smart Retailing, 2014). To encourage older people to visit CVS Pharmacy, it should engage in practices that allow it to market its services actively to attract new clients. The store should lay emphasis on the advantages that its services bring in all the marketing activities it undertakes, mostly mailings, advertisements, and Internet marketing. For instance, allowing senior citizens to question their prevailing drug choice is vital in encouraging them to keep visiting the store. Although costs as well as convenience play a key role in determining the ways that older patients choose a pharmacy, care is a key determinant. Hence, it is vital for CVS to consider embarking on strong marketing through advertisements, mails, and other strategies that are appealing to old people. This way, the store would manage to ask whether clients are getting the care and convenience they need from the pharmacy (Smart Retailing, 2014). Promoting what makes a drug store unique is vital in encouraging senior citizens with medical problems to consume products from the pharmacy. The company can market low prices or 24/7 service provision. The pharmacy needs to play its key strengths as well as implement a messaging initiative to enforce the unique services it offers, such as service delivery

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization - Essay Example Collectively, they explained the dynamics of the global business landscape and the variables that drive the numerous processes at work within it. Concepts such as culture, technology, knowledge and the legal and political diversities found in various national economies all combined to demand new and complex requirements for multinational companies. These has called for their transformation as truly global organizations through changes in their organizational structure and the adoption of new business strategies in order to address the unique challenges and issues posed by the global environment. Before this module began, I have an inkling on what globalization is and its impact on both organizations, national economies and consumers. But my knowledge was limited to the superficial, abstract and general concepts. For instance, I know that globalization threatens local companies and could endanger their very survival because of the superior strength of the resources available to multinational companies that are invading the local market. But this module enlightened me further on the fact that it is not always easy for multinational companies to do this. ... † (p8-9) Secondly, there is the form of globalization that relates to the way organizations structure, control and manage their value-chains in terms of global operations. This is done â€Å"according to the availability of resources, cost levels, skills, quality and a host of other variables. (p. 9) These two forms of globalization supposedly were responsible for the emergence and the perpetuation of multinational companies who have already surpassed small national-economies in revenue generation. The third form, is characterized by how globalization adversely impacts several areas such as the democratic system, the environment, national cultures and identities, among others. (p. 12) The sheer complexity of the globalization economic model, hence, calls for a multidimensional approach by which stakeholders navigate its processes. Stonehouse, Campbell and Hamill emphasized, for example, that it should already be obvious how multinational/transnational companies must never adop t a global strategy that is primarily characterized by global standardization because it will fail. (p. 8) Companies have to make some fine-tuning in their strategies every time they enter a market. The reason is that each country has its own national circumstance. This can also be demonstrated in the numerous organizational configurations developed in order to pursue different objectives and address specific areas in the global business environment (see figure 1). Motives, Strategies and Organizational Configurations (Source: Bartlett and Beamish) As I saw from the diversity in organizational structure, I understood the sense in rejecting a global standards in strategy. For example, the Centralized Hub organizational model may work in some economies or markets with fierce competition but may not

Role model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role model - Essay Example He became well-known for his non-violent resistance to reach his political and social goals to win independence for India. His belief of nonviolence influenced other civil rights movement leaders, such as Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela. Gandhi’s influence can still be found through peace organizations that have been created throughout the world. His personal world view is still having a huge impact on today’s modern world. Mahatma Gandhis belief of nonviolence, which he called satyagraha, has often been mistranslated as "passive resistance," but it literally means "holding to the truth† (Gersom, 1992). Nonviolence does not mean just being passive instead of aggressive, but also means to ‘gain freedom peacefully’. Gandhi’s teachings can be correctly applied into the lives of people today in all walks of life. Gandhi’s teachings can become powerful only when every person is using them. "Nonviolence is the greatest force humanity has been endowed with," Gandhi wrote to the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1926 (Dear, 2006). Gandhi’s beliefs about nonviolence are that it can be used as a weapon itself when trying to win peace. Using nonviolence instead of violence is not always an easy path. Sometimes people become too angry and cannot control their violent actions or words. However, nonviolence can offer an amazing power to fight with, as opposed to the weapons of t he enemies, which are far weaker than nonviolence. Part of Gandhi’s teachings was that violence is always more suitable than cowardice. Gandhi first used satyagraha in September 1906 with a gathering of three thousand Indians. Gandhi stated that they needed to protest calmly and without anger; they needed to suffer with the consequences of their protest instead of turning to violence. In the end, however, the British government arrested the protestors (Duvall, 2006). This act of Gandhi and his

ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS (white paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS (white paper) - Essay Example The dial-up technology was predominantly used in the 70s and 80s, until other more advanced technologies sprouted to replace the pioneer technology in social networking. The social media is mainly used to relate to an internet site that facilitates people to interact in sharing ideas and information. Such has to include sharing of photos, music, videos among other contents that enhance interaction between groups of people (Kimball and Rheingold 3). The first online communication inform of an email was sent in 1971, by the 1970s, technology had significantly improved to facilitate more networking and in 1979, the first newsletter that allowed users to communicate virtually was launched. In the 1980s, future developments gave rise to an increased use of home computers with social media growing by day to become more complex. This gave rise to the more robust Internet Relay charts, IRCs, which were first used in 1988 extending way into the 90s. However, the first site that resembled the current networking sites was used for the first time in 1997 under the name Six Degrees (Goble). For the first time, users were able to upload their profiles and request for friendships from other users. The first blogging site that created the frenzy that exists today was launched in 1999; the blog site gave way to the current social networking. The creation of the blog gave rise to renowned sites such as MySpace and LinkedIn, which gained much popularity in the 2000s, with Flickr and photo bucket facilitating users to share photos online. It was not until 2005 that YouTube revolutionized the social media and crated a much better and new way that facilitated social networking. By the end of 2006, Facebook and Twitter were unveiled across the globe opening a new chapter in social networking, as it exists today. In addition, some sites dedicated to particular niches such as Spotify, Tumblr and Pinterest sprouted around this time (complete history attached at the appendix). The growth of social media sites has taken the globe with a storm with the corporate world taking advantage of the huge traffic in social sites to market their services and interact with potential customers. Business has since shifted from boardrooms to new virtual rooms with advertising through ‘Word Of Mouth’, turning to advertising through ‘Word Of Mouse.’ Consequently, the use of these social networking sites has varied impacts on organizations and enterprises from different fronts. This article delves deep into the social networking sites and the ways in which they have affected organizations today. Relationship building One way in which social networks have greatly influenced business activities is in relationship building. Relationship building involves the ability of an organization to meet a wide range of internal and external customers, establishing strong bonds with such customers in encouraging them to do business with the organization. A study on the use of social networks by nonprofit organizations observed that social networking has played a critical role in simplifying interfaces and facilitating a simpler exchange method of dispersing information (Branston & Bush 2). Moreover, a study by Waters (63) noted that most organizations use social networks for

US Economic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

US Economic - Research Paper Example In the past, people used to undertake transaction using barter trade, but currently it is done by various mediums of exchange. The achievement of economic stability is not an easy task as it is usually influenced by internal and external factors. This paper seeks to give an in-depth analysis of the current USA economic situation taking into account analysis of labor, marketing, growth, and investing. Economy In the United States of America, numerous changes have been achieved in the economic system. In the year 2008, the recession threatened the economy which has since then been recovering until this year when the European region crises affected various economies across the globe. The reason for the impact to be felt in the United States of America is that there is not a single economy in the world that is entirely independent. This is mainly because economic activities, such as international trade, involve different countries which usually have differences in their economic capacity . In the achievement of the improved overall American economy, the following factors have played a significant part. (A).Technological Evolution It is evident that technological advancements have had great impact on the society, as well as the country as a whole. One of the biggest technological advancement made is the invention of computers and the internet. Through the internet, communication between various persons have been greatly improved which has generally affected the conduction of business transactions. Moreover, the internet provides a platform at which US traders can advertise and sell to various persons across the globe. This has been very rewarding and is evident in the ever-increasing number of organizations conducting both online and offline businesses, with a preference to online transactions. In the industrial sector, the technological advancement has led to the development of more efficient and high capacity machinery, which has significantly reduced the input cos ts and increased production. This directly translates to increased returns, which are currently achieved by many companies. The National security is very essential in ensuring that the economic activities run smoothly in the United States of America. In this regard, the technological advancement has ensured continuous improvement of the security system. This has helped to control various threats from our enemies, as no American citizen would wish to observe our economy being affected by terrorist activities, as in the case of September 11 attack. As for the consumers, technology has ensured that the products availed to them are fit for consumption and they have been provided with various means of payment, such as the use of debit card. (B). Geography The location of United States of America in the geographical map is good to its economic development. The country has a large stretch of it national boundary along the sea. This is equipped with numerous harbors, which have ensured that exports are made timely and effectively. In achieving this, improvements in the ports have been conducted in the twenty first century. A good example is the renovation conducted after the destruction caused by Katrina in 2005. (c). Social Organization The interaction between the American in their daily activities is very essential in the achievement of national success. Major revolutions in these issues were achieved in mid twentieth century with the passage of the Civic rights bill of 1964. Currently, the government has enforced laws that have ensured that discrimination by race, gender

ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS (white paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS (white paper) - Essay Example The dial-up technology was predominantly used in the 70s and 80s, until other more advanced technologies sprouted to replace the pioneer technology in social networking. The social media is mainly used to relate to an internet site that facilitates people to interact in sharing ideas and information. Such has to include sharing of photos, music, videos among other contents that enhance interaction between groups of people (Kimball and Rheingold 3). The first online communication inform of an email was sent in 1971, by the 1970s, technology had significantly improved to facilitate more networking and in 1979, the first newsletter that allowed users to communicate virtually was launched. In the 1980s, future developments gave rise to an increased use of home computers with social media growing by day to become more complex. This gave rise to the more robust Internet Relay charts, IRCs, which were first used in 1988 extending way into the 90s. However, the first site that resembled the current networking sites was used for the first time in 1997 under the name Six Degrees (Goble). For the first time, users were able to upload their profiles and request for friendships from other users. The first blogging site that created the frenzy that exists today was launched in 1999; the blog site gave way to the current social networking. The creation of the blog gave rise to renowned sites such as MySpace and LinkedIn, which gained much popularity in the 2000s, with Flickr and photo bucket facilitating users to share photos online. It was not until 2005 that YouTube revolutionized the social media and crated a much better and new way that facilitated social networking. By the end of 2006, Facebook and Twitter were unveiled across the globe opening a new chapter in social networking, as it exists today. In addition, some sites dedicated to particular niches such as Spotify, Tumblr and Pinterest sprouted around this time (complete history attached at the appendix). The growth of social media sites has taken the globe with a storm with the corporate world taking advantage of the huge traffic in social sites to market their services and interact with potential customers. Business has since shifted from boardrooms to new virtual rooms with advertising through ‘Word Of Mouth’, turning to advertising through ‘Word Of Mouse.’ Consequently, the use of these social networking sites has varied impacts on organizations and enterprises from different fronts. This article delves deep into the social networking sites and the ways in which they have affected organizations today. Relationship building One way in which social networks have greatly influenced business activities is in relationship building. Relationship building involves the ability of an organization to meet a wide range of internal and external customers, establishing strong bonds with such customers in encouraging them to do business with the organization. A study on the use of social networks by nonprofit organizations observed that social networking has played a critical role in simplifying interfaces and facilitating a simpler exchange method of dispersing information (Branston & Bush 2). Moreover, a study by Waters (63) noted that most organizations use social networks for

Library essay Essay Example for Free

Library essay Essay In this day in age, libraries are very important. There are various reasons as to why they are important. Even with many libraries closing throughout the country, they remain a necessity for youth, anyone who has to access information that it has to find on the internet. Not everything is available on the internet. There is also digital libraries which are useful but you can’t find everything you would in a library. There are something’s on the internet that when you find them it may require you to have a subscription. The internet doesn’t have an experiment librarian’s physically by your side to help at any time you would need it. One of the big reasons why libraries are important is that not everything is available to you on the internet. It is an issue because the majority of books have copyrights laws which prevents information from being put out on the internet, or becoming digital. Most writers have their information in books, and with the copyrights laws it cannot be accessed via the internet. Even if the internet has some information that you may need, having a physical book with dated information can be a much better use for getting the most information that you need. Also they have a limited database that may require you to have a subscription to find a greater deal of the content online, rather than having it all for free at a physical library with more extensive information. Another reason why libraries are important is that it is a place where people can go to study. At the library you have plenty of space to get your work done. Also there isn’t as much as a distraction due to the library having strict rules against loud noise. Most people find it hard to get stuff done when there is a lot of things going on around them; or when the things that are going on around them are loud. Having a piece of mind is something that a library can provide that nowhere else can with all the resources inside to get done whatever task you may need to complete. Having a physical librarian available also is why libraries are important. A physical librarian will always be there to answer any questions one might have about a topic. It also makes it easier to continue to process the information that one might already have with extra assistance on the topic. Librarians are also critical to help children who may have never been to a library, or they might not know how to look for things within a library. They teach kids the skills of how to do research, search for topics, look at the wide range of databases that only libraries have. Librarians also encourage children to read, something that is a positive thing to have when kids today don’t like to read. Having them there to encourage them makes it easier. Having the ability to take books out to use for free is a positive for libraries. The fact that libraries don’t charge you anything to check out books makes libraries very important. For those who can’t buy books from a bookstore or other source, going to a library to borrow one saves them money. At libraries you can also make copies of certain pages that you need instead of taking the whole book with you. This makes it easy for people who don’t need the whole book but instead just pieces of info out of it. The convenient nature that a library has to offer makes it very important. Money is a topic that everyone is conscious about, and having to pay for subscriptions to some content online makes having libraries around a necessity. Another reason why libraries are important is because they offer free internet. Having a tool like the internet being free for use draws people to use libraries. Most people who have laptops or desktop computers have to pay for their high speed internet service, or be lucky to find Wi-Fi service without paying for it. Knowing that a library has free internet you can go there and take advantage of that and the resources that a library has to offer. You have people who go to the library just because of the free internet. While others utilize the free service and other tools libraries have to offer. Also libraries are important because they are courses on skills that can help you in the real world. Libraries have many courses available for use to people who may need them. Some of the things they offer are help with English, resume building skills for those who may be entering the job force. If English isn’t your native language they have courses that can help you develop the ability to speak English. You might need help with creative writing which is also something that libraries have to offer. All of these services are free of charge as long as you have a simple library card on hand with you. Libraries also offer readings groups. Some may call them study groups, but the reading groups the library has to offer also makes it important. You might be a person who prefers to study with a group of your friends to better understand the topic. Or you might like groups because of the interaction of people sharing their different perspectives on the subjects they talk about. It’s almost like a group meeting. Having the ability to set a time, while already knowing the exact place where you will meet up with your peers to discussion any you want. With the library being a relaxing environment because the of the strict noise rules it you piece of mind and the opportunity to have these meetings without be distracted by outside issues. Another extraction that makes libraries important is that some of them exactly offer cafes. These cafes are something that is growing worldwide. With the addition of places like Starbucks, having cafes in libraries gives people another alternative if they don’t like coffee. At the library cafes you can enjoy what the library has to offer. Some libraries have the ability to offer music books that you can use to follow along, or use them to study to your advantage. Also there are DVD’s that are available at literary for those who like to visually learn about whatever topic they choose. It creates a place that keeps those who go relax while they get done what they need. It could be finishing up a school assignment, or getting a project done for work that requires some research to be done. Libraries also offer an extensive collection of historical items whether it’s local or nationally. If you’re looking to know about your city at a certain point of time, a library has the best source best. You can check out a book that will tell you where a building was located, and what they did in that building. You can find out the change in population that your city has had as the times changes. You can also find that buildings in those times were more structures sound than the buildings of this age. Nationally libraries keep records of everything like climate changes, and the amount of colleges and universities that the country has. You could never go wrong when searching for a book in the library about local or national news. Libraries databases are so extensive that they can brings up information from years ago. This is something that you will not be able to find anywhere also but a library. Libraries offer a huge amount of study space. Having a huge amount of study space is something most people enjoy. You have the freedom of a big table where you can lay everything you have in front of you. Rather than being in at a tight desk where you might be able to have one piece of information on the table. Having more on the table keeps you from searching all over for that one page or book that might be missing. This is something that will allow for librarians to better help you as well because they can join you at the table to discuss your topic. Having two people at one table working on the same subject always helps get a task done. All of these reasons are largely why libraries are important. It’s something free that everybody can that advantage of. You can’t find what a library has to offer anywhere else. It’s doesn’t matter what age you are, at the library there something for all age groups to do. Closing down these libraries is a decision that should not happen. It is important to today’s youth for these libraries to stay open because they benefit the most from libraries being open. Closing them would simply say that today’s youth is not a top priority to worry about.

Is General Will Compatible With Individual Freedom Politics Essay

Is General Will Compatible With Individual Freedom Politics Essay Jean-Jacque Rousseau wrote at a time before great social and political change in Europe. His texts remain one of the classic concepts of political theory. His writings have been thought of by many as, the bible for the French Revolution for his foresight and perhaps predictions for the violence and terror that followed. His text, The Social Contract (1762) is made up of 4 books. In Books 1 and 2 he aimed to address the problem of political morality and the theory of institutions in Books 3 and 4. Rousseau was a defender of democracy, an advocate for individual liberty and an egalitarian. Rousseau begins with the famous opening lines, Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains He starts by explaining the way in which men are bound to the chains of civil society which restrain the natural right of man to an objective independent freedom. He believed that civil society does not give man the freedom, liberty and equality that were promised to him when joining society. Rousseau believed that the only way to prevent these shackles from becoming uncomfortable would be by the collective creation of a body in society forming a single will, the general will. When answering the question it is important to understand the idea of the rule of the general will to see if it is compatible with the freedom of the individual. The general will is expressed by the sovereign (either an individual with a unified will or a collective body in society). The definition and purpose of this general will is to act in the needs and desires of the collective and to sustain the common good for all people. Rousseau explains, The English people believed itself to be free. It is greatly mistaken; it is free only during the election of the members of Parliament. Once they are elected, the populace is enslaved; it is nothing . To Rousseau the idea of the general will is one of free debate in an assembly of individuals and equals of what is of common interest. In Chapter 15 of Book 3 he puts forward the idea that sovereignty cannot be represented, because it consists of the general will and the general will cannot be represented . J. Plamenatz (1992) gives this reason for Rousseaus argument for direct as apposed to representative democracy. Every citizen in Rousseaus ideal society should make the laws themselves and not entrust this job in the places of others. This was Rousseaus third principle. In essence general will gives every individual in the collective the freedom to vote how he pleases in the assembly and ultimately everyone has a say in the running of the society as the democracy is direct. However, Rousseau retains that general will should not be the desire of the individual will, but what will be beneficial for everyone. Rousseau also believed that whoever went against obeying the general will ought to be enforced to do so by the whole body. This means nothing other than that he shall be forced to be free . What Rousseau means by this is that by people having the obligation to adhere to the social contract and by having to receive the benefit of the general will, theyre gaining freedom. This is in contrast to Hobbes and Locke who believed laws were created to stop us wandering from the path of civil obedience and referred to as hedges. Rousseau asserts that it is the process of law making that sets us free. His key argument was that if we are the authors of the law then we could manifest our own freedom and independence. According to Rousseau we are all born free and have the capacity to be free but to achieve this Rousseau believed we have to build a social government that does not enslave us. It could be argued that Rousseaus idea of the rule of the general will, is compatible with the freedom of the individual. This is because Rousseau described the notion of there being 2 different types of freedom. There is social freedom and a personal freedom. He also refers to personal freedom as the state of nature. Rousseau said that freedom was only reachable when the populace obeyed the laws it set itself. J. Plamenatz (1992) describes this by explaining ideally we would say, I alone have made the law that I obey but that this is impossible and instead the most we can hope for is that each should say, I obey the law that we have made rather than I obey the law that they have made. This ideal is that every citizen should identify himself with the community that makes the law . Rousseau bellied that the ab ility to follow these rules and laws would only be possible once one recognised themselves as a part and member of the community of lawmakers. Rousseau had previously discussed the first explanatory problem of the origins of how we became unfree, when we are born naturally free in the state of nature. He wrote about this in Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755). It is in The Social Contract (1762) that he explained the second problem, the justificatory problem and suggested an answer. Rousseau asserted that power only becomes legitimate once the people consent to it and. He said, Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole In conclusion, Iain Hampsher-Monk writes in A History of Modern Polticial Thought that, part of the main, objective of the general will, therefore is its constant tendency to equality . He says that the notion of obeying ourselves is a difficult one to understand, however he explains that in this way of setting and obeying our own rules, tyranny can be guarded against . Whilst some scholars have regarded Rousseaus political thought as pointing towards totalitarianism, (as he advocates complete subservience to the state) many others regard him as a firm liberal and a defender of freedom and equality. For this reason it is believed that Rousseaus idea of the rule of the general will is compatible with the freedom of the individual, as in Rousseaus state; the popular sovereignty effectively governs themselves by legitimising the chains of society and reconciling sovereignty , freedom and authority.

Shiloh Essay example -- essays papers

Shiloh After Shiloh the South would never smile again. Known originally as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle fought in North America up to that time. Pittsburg Landing was an area from where the Yankees planned to attack the Confederates who had moved from Fort Donelson to Corinth, Mississippi. The North was commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant and the South by General Albert Sydney Johnston. The Union army was taken by surprise the first day when the Confederate Army unexpectedly attacked, but after Union reinforcements arrived the fighting virtually ended in a tie. Lasting for two days, April 6 and 7 of 1862, casualties for both sides exceeded 20,000. The Battle of Shiloh was a message to both the North and South that the Civil War was for real. General Grant was anxious to maintain the momentum of his victory at Fort Donelson. His army had moved up to a port on the Tennessee River called Pittsburg Landing in preparation for an attack on Corinth, Mississippi, where the Confederate troops were located. General Halleck, Western U.S. Army commander, had ordered Grant to stay put and wait for reinforcements. Grant had given command of the Pittsburg Landing encampment to General William T. Sherman while he waited at his camp in Savannah, Tennessee. (1) At Corinth, Confederate Generals Albert Sydney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard worked feverishly to ready the 40,000 plus troops there for an attack on the Union Army at Pittsburg Landing before U.S. Army General Buell and reinforcements could arrive from Nashville. The officers appointed as corps commanders for the South were Major General John Breckinridge, Major General William J. Hardee, Major General Braxton Bragg, and Major General Leonidas Polk. The South headed for Pittsburg Landing on April 4, 1862 but because of several delays the attack was postponed until April 6. The Battle of Shiloh began early the morning of April 6. Johnston’s men burst out of the woods so early that Union soldiers came out of their tents to fight. The Confederate army drove the Yankees back eight miles that day. One area that was especially troublesome for the South was nicknamed the Hornet’s Nest and was commanded by Union General Prentiss. The area was a sunken road that Federal troops rallied behind and mowed down wave after wave of Rebel attackers until General ... ...fternoon of April 7. "It was now, however, only about one o’clock†¦and Buell’s fresh men numbering 30,000 in all were still coming in. Gen. Beauregard knew there was a limit to human endurance†¦and after proper consideration, thought it wise to retire" (New Orleans, Times-Picayune, 1862). The Confederate Army retreated to Corinth. The Union Army didn’t follow them and was glad to see them go.(5) After the Battle of Shiloh both sides reported that the war would be long and drawn out. When asked, after he was captured, if he thought Shiloh would lead to peace, General Prentiss stated "Never, till the Union is restored. If we do not whip you with the men we have, we will bring more (New Orleans, Times-Picayune, 1862). Though the price of battle at Pittsburg Landing was high for both sides, it was only the beginning of the destructiveness that lay ahead. WORKS CITED Crist, Lynda Lasswell 1995. The Papers of Jefferson Davis. Louisiana State University Press. Volume VIII. Moore, Frank 1865. The Rebellion Record. Arno Press. Volume XXII. H.P. Special Correspondant, "The Battle of Shiloh." April 11, 1862. New Orleans The Times-Picayune. Volume XXVI Number 65.

microsoft :: essays research papers

There is a requirement for a Vehicle Data Management System (VDMS) by the United States. The military currently has numerous tracked and wheeled vehicles in its inventory, with technical data on their operation and performance available in manuals and reports. Alternatively, there are various vehicle performance computer models and applications, which manipulate characteristics of these vehicles for analytical purposes, but no standard data depot currently exists for collection and storage of this information. This project has developed a means of storing available information about these tracked and wheeled vehicles in a relational database which will allow the user to easily create, retrieve, update, and delete information via a user-interface connected to the database. The purpose of this project was to create a relational database of vehicle information and a user interface for accessing the database. The project allows for a user-friendly environment (Microsoft Excel and Access) that is convenient and efficient for storing, retrieving, updating and displaying vehicle information. The overall objective of this project was to create an updateable, computerized database application, the Vehicle Data Management System (VDMS), which provides a composite reference/storage retrieval system for current information pertinent to characteristics of standard military tracked and wheeled vehicles. VDMS is intended to minimize the individual need for periodic reference to technical manuals, reports, and large vehicle files containing large amounts of data. Currently, there exist much data in various places, (technical manuals, files, folders, envelopes, etc.) and no easy way to store, retrieve, update, and manipulate it. Using Visual C++ (programming language) and Access (database, the goal of this project was to provide a faster and more efficient method to create, retrieve, update, and delete the information contained in these vehicle files. VDMS manipulates vehicle data files that are currently being used as data for vehicle performance models such as the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM). NRMM is an example of an computerized model developed in the early 1970's that combines many mobility-related technologies into one comprehensive package designed to predict the physically constrained terrain/vehicle interaction of vehicles operating in on-road and off-road terrain. Since it's beginning NRMM has been continually updated and expanded as a result of ongoing mobility research and is now in its second release (NRMM II). NRMM provides the NATO members with a standard reference for mobility performance evaluations. NRMM is integrated into other automated models providing the mobility predictions for several other tactical, analytical, and war-gaming models. Currently, the data files are rather large and are not easily read and the data pertaining to these vehicles are stored in text files. These files are not in a format that is easily understood. Having the data in a database allows the user to manipulate and access

Anti-Gay Attitude in Schools

The article I read was on anti-gay comments in Canadian schools. Two university professors of Manitoba conducted a national survey of both homosexual and heterosexual teens. Out of 3,700 students across Canada, hear insulting comments on a daily basis. The survey found that seventy per cent of students heard phrases like â€Å"that’s so gay† and forty eight per cent heard derogatory terms like â€Å"faggot,† â€Å"lezbo† and â€Å"dyke† every day. The article recommends that school boards should apply gay-straight alliances such as the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer) groups which are common in high school and a broad education as well as better teacher training. People who are insulted for being gay are simply harassed. Everyone has the right to life and security as guaranteed by our constitution. We have many bullies at school and comments such as those as I listed and are just another form of a put down and should not be allowed anywhere, including school. Students who do this are just ignorant and immature but adults who ignore it are the real problem. This relates to psychology because if you examine the percentage of people who get harassed in school; could have mental health issues in the future such as stress for being discriminated in schools, suffering from anxiety and depression, or addictive behaviour because of their sexual orientation. This could also lead to eating disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide. The likelihood of suicides happening are people who probably can’t cope with discrimination, isolation, and loneliness. In conclusion, the researchers said that there is a lot of ground to help push for an improved school climate which is true because high school is tough for everyone. And even after high school it doesn't stop being tough.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Essay

Abstract CBSE has introduced Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) in standard IX and X from 2009. CCE refers to system of school based evaluation of a student that covers all aspects of a student development. It emphasizes continuity in evaluation and assessment of broad based learning and behavioural outcomes on the other. Effectiveness of CCE depends on teachers positive attitudes towards it. Hence, this paper studies the attitude of social science teachers towards CCE at secondary level in relation to their gender, area and teaching experience. The study was descriptive in nature. An Attitude Scale towards CCE developed by Investigator, having forty items was administered to the respondents to determine the subjects’ attitude towards CCE. All the social science teachers, teaching at secondary level in West District of Sikkim constituted the population of the study. Fifty social science teacher comprising male and female, rural and urban and less than and above eight years o f experience were selected as a sample of the study. Two to four social science teachers were selected at random from the sampled institutions. Mean, Standard Deviation, t-test, Quartile Deviation were applied to measure and compare the attitude of social science teachers towards CCE. The analysis of the data revealed that the majority of the social science teachers possess positive attitude towards CCE. It was found that there was no significant difference in attitude towards CCE between the female and male social science teachers. Teacher working in rural secondary schools were found same attitude towards CCE as compared to the teachers working in urban schools. It uncovered the fact that the teachers having less than eight years of experience are equally committed and possess positive attitude towards CCE as compared to the teachers having more than  eight years of experience. The in- depth qualitative study should be conducted to investigate variable affecting attitude of social science teachers at secondary level. Key words: Attitude, social science teachers, continuous and comprehensive evaluation, secondary level. INTRODUCTION The main aim of education is to bring holistic development in the learner. Through education all individuals can achieve greatness and become responsible and productive citizens. Since time immemorial lots of efforts have been given to impart quality education to the younger generation considering them as nation assets but outcomes were always remain questionable. System gave more impetus for transmitting the information but less importance on understanding the need of learner. System emphasizes more on cognitive development of the learner, but for any student to fulfil his her potential, timely and proper assessment is even more imperative as only after this is done can proper guidance be given on how to move forward, improve, develop different facets of personality, polish rough edges, till the finished product emerges like crystals. Comprehensive, proper and timely assessment is lacking in today’s system which values and indeed glorifies learning by rote. Keeping in view of need of quality education, recently new initiative has been done in the field of evaluation, focussing to decrease the accumulated stress of board exams on the students and to introduce a more uniform and comprehensive pattern in education for the children all over the nation. Concept of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is a process of determining the extent to which the objectives are achieved. It is not only concerned with the appraisal of achievement, but also with its improvement. As testing, evaluation is also concerned with identification of learning experiences and educative environment to produce changes in the learner’s behaviour. It involves information gathering, information processing, judgment forming, and decision-making. Effective implementation of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is depending on teachers’ attitudes as they are the key person in the transmission and implementation of the system. Teacher is instrumental for better assessment of the students. He is required to have a higher degree of interest to accept the innovation in education because of changing circumstances. A good teacher is expected to be committed to his work and have the ability to take the initiative (Sparks, 1979). The teachers did not know anything about the preparation of the blue print; they were also ignorant about the objectives of unit wise teaching (Tewari 1975) shows their unfavourable attitude towards teaching and evaluation. As Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is the new initiatives in education substantial majority of the teachers seemed to think that it promoted creativity, analytical ability, regularity and command over the subjects by students, teachers responded positively to the continuous evaluation system (.Rao and Bharathi, 1989). Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation enable teacher and students to make judgments about the work undertaken; to identify their knowledge, attitudes and skills, and to understand the changes that have occurred in these; and to increase their ability to assess their learning and performance. CCE not only helps in awarding grades and certificates but also helps teachers to diagnosis learning difficulty of the learner. Continuous evaluation would help the subject teachers to diagnose the deficiencies in their students so that they could adopt appropriate corrective measures at the appropriate time (Rao, 1982). CCE helps to teacher to ascertain the learning difficulties among the learner but it depends on their ability and attitude to use different types of tools and techniques. (Thangamani, 1989) found the teachers working in Madurai city higher secondary schools positive attitude towards oral examination as a diagnostic device. Continuity of assessment from the first day of school is the prime motive of CCE rather than sole depend on summative evaluation. Conventional evaluation system was emphasized on summative evaluation only. Traditional evaluation system facilitates more rote learning, classify of pupils based on division and marks rather than creativity, social and emotional development. Whereas, CCE (Pareek, P.L. 1986) scheme does not like examination; seek to classify  the pupils into classes or divisions but aims essentially at their all-round improvement or development. Assessment is done from time to time with the aim of discovering the extent of their progress, their strengths and weaknesses and then to take on that basis necessary steps to bring about the desired growth. This scheme promotes healthy student teacher parent relationship by giving them continuous and necessary feedback at frequent intervals to both teachers and parents. People’s attitudes towards new approach have an effect on implementation. It is also valid for new approach of evaluation system i.e., Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation. The quality of education is directly related to quality of evaluation. Teacher is expected to not only to master the subject and various methods of teaching but also to show that he is capable of selecting the various study materials according to the teaching goals and varied group of pupils. He also possesses the potentials to create a learning environment for the students (Vermont and Verschaffel, 2000. The success of a curriculum depends on its transactional strategies and the skills of teachers in reading to students (Pandey, 2000). They have to plan how to arrange remedial teaching for low and slow achievers to bring them on an equal footing with their peers. The teachers are required to use the educational technology to the maximum and continuous and comprehensive evaluation frequently. CCE implies not only a change in evaluation practices in the classroom but also a paradigm shift in the autonomy and responsibility of teachers. Teachers are supposed to update him/ her with the latest knowledge to cope up with the need of the time. Teachers’ lack of sense of responsibility and unfavourable attitude cannot bring any changes in evaluation system which was found (Rao Manjula, 1998; 2001; 2002) that Evaluation practices carried out in schools are still conventional in their nature and purposes. The personal and social qualities are totally ignored due to lack of awareness of what to be evaluated and how to evaluate. Assessment of wrong things or the same range of things too often is carried out. One doesnâ €™t get a fair and realistic picture of what students have actually mastered. (Smita, 2002) CCE demands that the teacher should change her strategies on the basis of the outcomes continuously and tailor them to the needs of individual children. The principal and the teachers should develop an action plan indicating the scheme of evaluation, identifying the task and role of  different activities and their time schedule, mode of implementation and feedback mechanism along with remediation strategies (Rajput and Kumar, 2003). Unfavourable attitude of teachers towards Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation can make the effect of scheme more badly than the conventional evaluation system. (Rao and Rao, 2008) the teachers were found to be recording mechanically by simply putting tick against each student to satisfy the supervising and inspecting authorities. Without the dedication and positive attitude towards the CCE the aim of the scheme can not be accomplished. NEED OF THE STUDY Continuous and comprehensive evaluation necessitates the use of multiple evaluation techniques and tools in addition to certain conventional ones. This is required because different specific areas of pupil growth need different types of evaluation through certain techniques. The teacher has to select the most appropriate technique for a situation and develop the necessary tools for the same, and decide upon the periodicity and timing of evaluation. As a social science teacher, he/she should have Knowledge and ability to construct assessment tools that are criterion based appropriate for assessing the competencies. Social science teacher at secondary level are dealing with the adolescence learner so they are expected to require knowledge, skills of evaluation, commitment, and assistance to provide remedial teaching. Teacher should have favourable attitude to use new innovation in evaluation system. This study therefore seeks to provide some insight into the attitude of social science teachers from some randomly selected secondary and senior secondary schools in West District of Sikkim towards Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation. The study was delimited to West District and only Government schools of Sikkim. Objectives The objectives of the study were: 1. To study the attitude of Secondary Social Science Teachers towards the CCE, 2. To study the difference between male and female Secondary Social Science teachers attitude towards CCE, 3. To study the difference between rural and urban Secondary Social Science teachers attitude towards CCE and 4. To study the difference in teachers attitude towards CCE between the teachers having more than and less than 8 years of teaching experience. Research Questions /Hypothesis The research question and hypotheses were: 1. Whether there is any attitudinal variation among the secondary social science school teachers towards CCE? 2. There exists no significant difference in attitudinal score between male and female teachers towards CCE. 3. There exists no significant difference in attitudinal between urban and rural social science teachers towards CCE 4. There exists no significant difference in attitudinal score between social science teachers having less than and above eight years of experience towards CCE. METHOD The present study was undertaken using the survey method. SAMPLE The investigator selected about 50 secondary social science teachers from the secondary and senior secondary schools of west district, Sikkim on random selection basis as the target group of the study. The distribution of the sample selected for the study were twenty seven female and twenty three male social science teachers of which only twelve were from urban schools and thirty eight were from rural school again from the same sample twenty three teachers were having less than eight years and twenty seven were having above eight years of teaching experience. TOOLS In the study of attitude, the investigator constructed the attitude scale for assessing the attitudes of social science teachers towards CCE at secondary level. There were forty statements in the scale having thirty three positive and seven negative statements. It was constructed in five point scale ranging from Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree and Strongly Disagree. Maximum weightage to each statement was five. So, the maximum score of the scale was 200 and minimum was 40. DATA COLLECTION Researcher personally contacted all the respondents and administered attitude scale to collect the data. Clear instructions were prepared for the respondents. They were requested to go through the general instructions first and then to respond. The respondents were asked to decide about their agreement with the statements and mark the relevant response honestly on the given space. Attitude scale and personal information sheet were distributed to subjects with the request to complete and return it as soon as possible. The measurement of attitudes of these groups and the comparisons therefore were undertaken to find out the differences in the attitude of different groups. The comparison were aimed at locating the differences in the attitude towards CCE affected by the variable a) gender, b) the area of residence rural and urban , and c) teaching experience- less than and more than eight years of teaching experience. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS The investigator used Quartile Deviation to find out the total attitude score of the subjects and t test to make comparisons between the variable like male: female, urban: rural and below eight years: above eight years of teaching experience. Research Question-1 Whether there is any attitudinal variation among the secondary social science school teachers towards CCE? For the analysis of Research Question 1 Investigator categorized the score with quartile deviation. Categorizations are as follows: Score up to 145 = Marginal attitude, 145-159 = moderate attitude and above 159 = highly favourable attitude. Result found that 24% fall under marginal attitude, 52% moderate attitude and 24% highly favourable attitude. Hypothesis-2 There exists no significant difference in attitudinal score between male and female teachers towards CCE. To establish if teachers’ gender has influence  on their attitude towards CCE at secondary level the t-test statistics was utilized to test the hypothesis as shown Table II below. Table 1 show that the calculated t’value 0.62 is less than the critical value 2.01 at 0.05 level of significance. This indicates that the difference in the attitudes of Male and Female Teachers towards CCE is not significant hence Ho is accepted. It revealed that male and female social science teachers are having equally positive attitude towards continuous and comprehensive evaluation. There is no influence of sex on the attitude of social science teachers towards CCE. Hpothesis-3 There exists no significant difference in attitudinal score between urban and rural social science teachers towards CCE. Table 2 shows that the calculated t’value 0.77 is less than the critical value 2.01 at 0.05 alpha level of significance. This indicates that the difference in the attitudes of Urban and Rural Teachers towards CCE is not significant hence Ho is accepted. It revealed that social science teachers from urban schools are having same attitudes towards CCE as rural school social science teachers possess. Further, it can be said that on the basis of location of school attitudes of teachers can not be influence and make differences towards continuous and comprehensive evaluation. Hypothesis-4 There exists no significant difference in attitudinal score between social science teachers having less than and above eight years of experience towards CCE. Table 3: Shows that the calculated t’value 0.63 is less than the critical value 2.01 at 0.05 alpha level of significance. This indicates that the difference in the attitudes of social science teachers having less than and above eight years of teaching experience towards CCE is not significant hence Ho is accepted. It revealed that experience is not the factor to make attitudinal difference towards continuous and comprehensive evaluation but teacher’s enthusiasm, interest may make the difference. Further, it can be said that experienced teachers and fresh teachers are equally capable to make CCE successful and should be given equal responsibility to carry out the task. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The result of the study revealed that the proportion of Social Science teachers who had scored above 159 out of 200 points was 24%, 145-159 was 52 % and 120-144 was 24%. . This indicates that 24% social science teacher’s attitude were highly favourable attitude, 52% teachers’ moderate positive and 24 % teachers’ marginal positive. Teachers’ attitudes have important implication for effective implementation of CCE in the school. In the area of CCE plenty of researches are not available in general and attitude of secondary social science teachers towards in CCE in particular. Few research like Rao and Bharati (1989) found positive attitude of teachers towards continuous evaluation system. It was observed that majority of teachers seemed to think that it promoted creativity, analytical ability, regularity  and command over the subjects by students. Similarly, in the study of Thangamani (1989) teachers showed positive attitude towards oral examination as a di agnostic device, this also comes under the purview of present CCE but it was not launched at that time. The effectiveness of CCE implementation depends on teachers’ positive attitude and awareness towards it. Rajput and Kumar (2003) also opined the need of orientation for teachers in the conceptual and practical aspects of scheme to give them clear understanding as to how to go about the CCE. Present study reveals that, teachers possess positive attitudes towards CCE. It was found by Rao and Rao (2008) that primary school teachers were not doing continuous assessment systematically, not identifying the learning difficulties and remedial instruction was not provided. It also revealed that teachers were recording against the each student’s performance and activities just to satisfy the supervising and inspecting authority. Such findings about the teachers were probably due to lack of awareness about CCE among the teachers as it was not implemented in all areas. Rao Manjula (2002) also found evaluation practices carried out in schools were still conventional in their nature and purposes in those schools were teachers are not trained in in-service programmes. In concluding, it would seem that positive attitude of social teachers towards Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation was probably due to proper in-service training. In some of the studies it was found that attitude was not positive due to lack of training, awareness and significance about CCE. Present study also found social science teachers’ attitude not influenced by gender, area and teaching experience, which probably due to large scale awareness programme in Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation and in-service training to all the teachers without any criteria of gender, experience and area of school. Further, in-depth qualitative study on teachers’ attitude towards CCE and its effect on effective implementation are essential to unveil the truth. References 1. Agrawal, M. (2000) Towards Quality school through Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation. Journal of Indian Education xxvi, 2, 1-12 August. 2. Bhattacharjee, A. & Sharma, N. (2010). Status of co-scholastic activities in the school programme of the elementary schools. Journal of all India association for educational research 22, 1, 61-65, June. 3. Government of India (1986): National Policy on Education, MHRD, Department of Education, New Delhi. 4. Green, L. W. & Kreuter, M. M. (1991). Health promotional planning: an educational and environmental approach, 2nd ed. Mountain view, Mayfield’s 5. Lord, D. (1998). ICT supported multimedia learning materials: Catering for individual learner differences. Paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Conference, Belfast, United Kingdom. 6. Mandal, P.K. (2010) Towards Positing a Paradigm for Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in Social Science. Journal of Indian Education XXXVI, 3, Nov. 7. Mangal, S. K. & Mangal, S. (2011). An emotionally intelligent teacher at the heart of successful CCE. Edutracks 10, 8, 6-8, April. 8. Mukherjee, R. (2007). Impact of continuous and comprehensive evaluation in improving school community symbiosis. Master thesis, Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar, Orissa. 9. NCERT (2005): National Curriculum Framework for School Education, Published at the Publication Department, Secretary, NCERT, New Delhi. 10. NCERT (1988): National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Education – A Framework (Revised Version), Published at the Publication Department, Secretary, NCERT, New Delhi. 11. Rajput, S. et. al. (2003). Concept of continuous and comprehensive evaluation. Continuous and comprehensive evaluation (Teacher’s handbook for primary stage), NCERT, New Delhi. 12. Rao, K. S. (1989). Influence of continuous evaluation on learning in school. Indian educational review 22, 50. 13. Rao, R. S., & Bharathi, M. (1989). Evaluation of continuous evaluation system of examination system in Kendriya Vidyalaya. Fifth survey of educational research, 2, 1992. 14. Rao, Manjula et al. (1998): Impact of SOPT Training Programme on the Classroom Practices of Teachers – A Study in Southern States, RIE (NCERT), Mysore. 15. Rao Manjula P. (2001). Effectiveness of the Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Training Programme over the Evaluation Practices of Primary School Teachers. A DPEP Research Study in Tamil Nadu, RIE, Mysore. 16. Rao Manjula P. and S.P. Kulkarni (2002). Development and Implementation of a School Based Evaluation System at Primary Stage in Demonstration School, RIE, Mysore. 17. Rossi, P.H.; Lipsey, M.W., & Freeman, H.E. (2004). Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th Ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. 18. Smita. (2002). Continuous and comprehensive evaluation, shift in learner evaluation; A synthesis of case studies. Technical support group. District primary education programme, Educational consultant India limited, New Delhi. 19. Ved Prakash, et al. (2000): Grading in Schools, Published at the Publication Division by the Secretary, NCERT, New Delhi.