The mi Adidas Case Study Mass Customization Essay

The mi Adidas Case Study Mass Customization - Essay Example The siblings restricting characters supplement each other well: Adi the tranquil, meditative planner, and Rudolf the outgoing person sales rep (Adidas, 2011, pp 1-26). Adidas shoe: 1932 German competitor Arthur Jonath wins the 100m bronze award at the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, wearing Dassler shoes. This denotes the principal major Olympic accomplishment for the Dassler siblings and energizes the further improvement of their previously flourishing organization (Adidas, 2011, pp 1-26). A Second Factory: 1938 Adi Dassler purchases his second production line in the focal point of Herzogenaurach. At that point, the organization produces 1,000 sets of shoes a day. Three Stripes: 1948 Adolf and Rudolf Dassler part with Rudolf establishing Puma. Adi presents Adidas as the official organization name, by consolidating his moniker and last names. Now, Adi likewise gives his shoes the obvious trademark of the Three Stripes (Adidas, 2011, pp 1-26). The Olympics in Helsinki: 1952 Adidas is the most worn German games shoe brand at the Olympic Games and track shoes with removable spikes are utilized just because. Emil Zatopek wins three gold decorations †for the 5,000m, the 10,000m and the long distance race - across the board week, wearing Adidas shoes, an accomplishment that has not been rehashed since (Adidas, 2011, pp 1-26).

Business plan - CoViTek Essay Example for Free

Marketable strategy †CoViTek Essay CoViTek is an Atlanta based organization that offers an interesting worth added administration to the $11 billion dollars video rental industry. CoViTek will alter the business by leasing motion pictures through its video candy machines. These machines are as of now encountering huge accomplishment in Europe, where they were designed. Clients will presently have the option to lease recordings twenty-four hours per day, seven days every week in a convenient and productive way at the most reduced cost. Our machines can be actualized anyplace, even in areas that are not available to our physical rivals, and we will hence concentrate our endeavors on all the key areas. Reve-lution Int. will offer an interesting business-to-buyer administration for the rental of recordings and DVDs. The innovation, containing a completely mechanized framework, will encourage persistent rental and return of films overcoming any barrier between video stores, who just are open 15 hours every day, and administrations, for example, the nonexistent Kozmo. com, who offer video conveyance at a top notch cost. The organization has an expense for every activity (CPA) valuing structure. CoViTek’s target clients will incorporate colleges with an understudy assortment of in any event 10,000 notwithstanding the remainder of the city of Atlanta for the initial a half year of activity. CoViTek will give their demographic a total arrangement of coordinated instruments inside the machine to settle on exact and pleasant buying choices. CoViTek will give video rental clients the opportunity of rental 24 hours every day, seven days per week, throughout the entire year. CoViTek will manufacture the world’s genuinely first advantageous and productive rental system†¦ Target Customers Movie rentals have demonstrated to be a necessary piece of the regular day to day existences of the American populace. With more than $11 billion dollars in rental deals in 1999, we recognize the total interest for the video rental industry. Continually looking for guaranteed delight, video rental stores need the most productive and financially savvy strategies for fulfilling their clients. CoViTek will make rentals basic by giving shoppers the most productive devices for with which to introduce a rental procedure. With the executioner application innovation utilized in these machines, the client will have the option to direct numerous inquiries so as to lease the film of their longing. CoViTek will additionally help them through the arrangements of a functioning inclination search, which is presently being utilized by Amazon. com. This application will figure out what the client leased last and rundown the favored motion pictures of that classification the client will like dependent on past rental conduct. CoViTek’s potential clients will speak to the majority of video rental families who esteem rental outlet comfort and adaptable installment plans. CoViTek will make progress toward the most productive, cost-adaptable installments and dynamic scans for protection of value time. Market Growth Perspective According to investigator Paul Keagan and Associates, at home film utilization consumptions will increment roughly 40% by 2005 to $27 billion, practically triple the sum spent in 1990. Most by far of these consumptions, about 83%, will be for video/DVD rentals and retail. Be that as it may, film utilization will likewise incorporate compensation per-view and video on request (VOD) accessible through link and satellite administrations. Video Production Companies 90% of our tapes will originate from one of the six significant creation organizations: 1. Buena Vista 2. Warner Bros. 3. General 4. Fox 5. Vital, or 6. Columbia-Tri-Star The intensity of these providers is exceptionally high, as they hold the restrictive rights to the motion pictures they produce. One of our late rivals, Kozmo. com, has fabricated a one of a kind vital organization with these creation organizations. They have built up a benefit offering framework to the significant creation organizations requiring no underlying interest in the recordings, yet consenting to give 40% of the income produced by the rentals to the maker of the film. We accept that this benefit sharing framework is monetarily ugly, in spite of the fact that it will permit us to lessen our underlying venture costs; it limits our benefits which thus will defer our extension methodology. We will utilize an underlying video merchant, Video Bicicling, based out of Texas to flexibly us with our recordings and DVDs. They will furnish us with the most up-do-date films at serious costs. Contender Differentiation CoViTek separates itself from its rivals in a few key zones. While organizations, for example, Blockbuster and Hollywood Entertainment offer similar highlights, just CoViTek will join the entirety of the highlights portrayed underneath such that gives purchasers a definitive usability, dynamic inclination search, and amazingly helpful areas of tasks. Time Availability CoViTek’s upper hand depends on its time accessibility for rentals. The machines will be open and accessible for use 24 hours every day, seven days per week, throughout the entire year. CoViTek will keep client support promptly accessible even all through occasions. Key Locations CoViTek will execute the candy machines in key vital areas subsequent to playing out a nitty gritty demo-land investigation of the city of Atlanta. Areas will at first be college grounds and later the urban territories of the city. Each machine will be situated in regions where there is substantial human traffic. Installment Flexibility Our estimating will be adaptable relying upon the measure of time the video is out. Since CoViTek is a framework that is open 24 hours every day there are no late expenses related in our model. Our standard rental time for DVDs is â€Å"midnight of the accompanying day† at a cost between $2. 50-$3. 00. Each extra day will be between $1. 50-$2. 00. Video Cassettes will be $3. 99 and whenever returned inside 24 hours $1will be credited back. Each extra day will be $1. 99. (In view of new discharges) Active Search CoViTek will utilize an inventive application innovation which effectively looks for recordings classified by title, entertainer, new discharges, kind of film (activity, spine chiller, satire), and most as often as possible leased motion pictures. Relative Competitive Factor Blockbuster Video Hollywood Video Kozmo. com CoViTek Relative Product Quality and Differentiation I Flexible Payment Plan I E-business Based I Brand Recognition % 100% 63% 40% N/A Locations around grounds I Locations on Campuses I Large video selection.i I Number of representatives under 5/area I One of the most convincing parts of the CoViTek model is its transportability into undiscovered domains of video rental chances. This will give the organization a basic bit of leeway the adaptability to change itself in light of serious difficulties or to shifts in the video rental market condition. CoViTek’s adaptability will give drawback assurance to its proprietors by protecting that new, inventive methods for producing income can be figured it out. Future components of CoViTek may include: National Expansion. Video rental open doors in chose national markets, for example, Washington D. C. , Los Angeles, Miami and Huston. Washington D. C: our subsequent area has comparable highlights to our first city of activity. It has a couple of enormous colleges, generally utilized open transportation, and high person on foot traffic. The schools we target will be American University, George Washington University, and Georgetown University. Our midtown areas will rely upon regions where there is a convergence of the open transportation lines and high passerby traffic. Information Distribution. Tentative arrangements may incorporate the offer of CoViTek’s restrictive online purchaser information to the significant video creation organizations. Particular Machine Content Another development open door for CoViTek later on is the execution of machines with altered video choice. The substance of these machines will be select recordings and DVDs focused toward a crowd of people dependent on explicit subjects. These machines will be set in vital areas based around their subjects. Some conceivable â€Å"themed† machines may include: exemplary film machines, outside film machines with Spanish captions or naming, and grant winning film machines. The situation of these machines will require cautious market investigation and arranging, and accordingly we intend to hold up before usage to assemble enough information about the market and the buying examples of our clients. Speculation Needs Michel Khoury originator of CoViTek, has amassed money in abundance of $10,000 for the turn of events and the beginning up cost of the organization. CoViTek is presently arranged to acquire financing through building up a credit extension and executing a gear advance for its underlying machine. It will later apply for credits varying so as to purchase more machines as it extends its activity. Utilizing the machines and income as guarantee CoViTek ought to have adequate assets to get a credit extension that will make sure about its execution of system. The underlying phase of subsidizing will be utilized to finish Web-webpage improvement, get one machines, put resources into PC equipment and programming, rent area space required for the machines and market CoViTek during the initial a year of tasks. Following 12 to year and a half of activity, CoViTek will require an imbuement of an extra $15,000 to extend its image picture and increment its administration contributions at a quickened pace. Fruitful turn of events and activity of CoViTek will permit it to act naturally adequate inside roughly 9 to a year of starting activity. CoViTek will be a revenue driven organization consolidated in the province of Georgia. CoViTek †Start up costs Machines $20,246. 64 Inventory: video tapes $9,210 Cash/month $2,808 Advertising $8,000 Legal and Accounting $7,000 Insurance $3,000 TOTAL $50,264. 64 Management group Michel Khoury Chief Executive Officer Founder While establishing CoViTek, Michel Khoury is Assistant Managing Director at Bear, Stearns and Co.

Arkanul Islam and Aqeeda ul-Islam

Arkanul Islam and Aqeeda ul-Islam Errand 2 The connection between Arkanul Islam and Aqeeda ul-Islam The connection between the arkanul Islam and the aqeeda ul-Islam is major to the Islamic Faith. These two ideas give some portion of a morals premise to Islamic life and the connection is indivisible. To accomplish Allahs benevolence and favor throughout everyday life, a Muslim must practice above all else the Arkanul Islam or the five Pillars of Islam (rehearsed by the Sunnis). The Aqeeda ul-Islam are the â€Å"Articles of Faith† and give significance and reason to the Arkanul Islam. The columns are so focal and imperative to Islamic life, that by not tailing them, one isn't really submitting themselves to Allah and is in this way not a Muslim. What's more, without the importance given by the Aqeeda ul-Islam the deeds of the Arkanul Islam are unimportant in Allahs eyes. The five Pillars of Islam require the articles of conviction before the demonstration of a deed is significant. The accommodation to the six articles permits all deeds a Muslim may perform to be equitable and positive. The Aqeeda ul-Islam have six articles of conviction. The articles are: 1. Faith in Allah, the main God 2. Faith in all the Prophets sent by God 3. Faith in the Angels 4. Faith in the Quran 5. Faith in the Day of Judgment and in the Resurrection 6. Faith in Destiny and Gods picked way The five Pillars are set down in the Quran in different suras and give a layout of life to a Muslim. The most significant Pillar and furthermore the most reasonable is Shahadah, or the acknowledgment of Allah and his last errand person the Prophet Muhammad. This deceleration connects to the Tawhid idea of God, a monotheistic and unbreakable substance. A Muslim practices the Pillar of Shahadah just by never surrendering his conviction or scrutinizing reality of the unity of Allah or the Hadith, the lessons and accounts of the Prophet. This assertion guarantees that Allah is totally fundamental to a Muslims life inside and out. The asking of a Muslim towards Mecca, Salah, means that his love to God and furthermore the giving of thanks towards Him. The most significant part of salah is that a Muslim commits this time five times each day just to the love of Allah. He approaches Allah for direction along the way of good that He has willed for him. Yet, on the off chance that the Muslim has no niyyah, at that point his supplication is useless and the deed isn't checked by God. Zakat in Arabic methods cleaning. This immaculateness is educated to a Muslim by sharing his riches and to killing destitution and disparity in his locale. The Zakat decontaminates the supplier of self-centeredness and ravenousness. To Allah, all of mankind is equivalent in His eyes, and riches ought to be dispersed reasonably, for everything in Creation has a place with Him. Sawm is the keeping away from eating and drinking from day break to nightfall in the long stretch of Ramadan. This shows a Muslim straightforwardly the misery and predicament of poor people and its motivation is one of comprehension. Additionally it permits a Muslim closeness to God and to communicate their reliance on Him and His consideration. The Hajj in a Muslims life is his journey to the blessed city of Mecca. A Muslim should attempt to make the excursion in any event once in the course of his life on the off chance that he can bear the cost of it. The hajj shows the solidarity of the Muslim people group and their complete accommodation to Allah. The journey to Mecca is the most exhausting and requesting deed of the Pillars, a pioneer not exclusively should go from all pieces of the world yet in addition take a stab at personal growth all through the travel and comprehend why he is on the journey. The five Pillars of Islam basically show a Muslim lowliness, regard and love for his Creator. Each deed performed all through a Muslims life whether it is a heavenly demonstration or not should consistently be performed with the attitude that Allah is watching and making a decision about everything. It is essentially insufficient for a Muslim to rehearse the five Pillars and not comprehend or acknowledge their significance and the regulations of the Aqeeda ul-Islam. The deeds of the Arkanul Islam are magnanimous goes about just as demonstrations of love and confidence assertion towards Allah, yet they additionally give a morals framework key to a devotees life. Without niyyah or unadulterated expectation, the deeds become useless according to God. One must comprehend and feel the essentialness of his demonstrations before they are checked to his advantage. References: www.liveleak.com/view?i=2ee_1193085474 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqidah www.thenoblequran.com/sps/sp.cfm?secID=AQDloadpage=displaysection.cfm www.qss.org/articles/Aahaad.html

Five Steps to Verifying Online Genealogy Sources

Five Steps to Verifying Online Genealogy Sources Numerous newcomers to lineage look into are excited when locate that a considerable lot of the names in their family tree are effectively accessible on the web. Pleased with their achievement, they at that point download all the information they can from these Internet sources, import it into their parentage programming and gladly begin offering their family history to other people. Their examination at that point advances into new parentage databases and assortments, further propagating the new family tree and intensifying any blunders each time the source is duplicated. While it sounds incredible, there is one significant issue with this situation; in particular that the family data that is uninhibitedly distributed in numerous Internet databases and Web destinations is frequently unconfirmed and of sketchy legitimacy. While helpful as a sign or a beginning stage for additional examination, the family tree information is now and then more fiction than reality. However, individuals regularly treat the data they find as the obvious truth. This isn't to imply that that all online parentage data is awful. The polar opposite. The Internet is an incredible asset for following family trees. Try to figure out how to isolate the great online information from the awful. Follow these five stages and you also can utilize Internet sources to find dependable data about your progenitors. Stage One: Search for the Source Regardless of whether its an individual Web page or a membership parentage database, every single online datum ought to incorporate a rundown of sources. The catchphrase here is should. You will discover numerous assets that dont. When you discover a record of your incredible, extraordinary granddad on the web, nonetheless, the initial step is to attempt to find the wellspring of that data. Search for source references and references-regularly noted as commentaries at the base of the page, or toward the end (last page) of the publicationCheck for notes or commentsClick on the connection to about this database while looking through an open database (Ancestry.com, Genealogy.com and FamilySearch.com, for instance, incorporate hotspots for a large portion of their databases)Email the giver of the information, regardless of whether it be the compiler of a database or the creator of an individual family tree, and respectfully request their source data. Numerous specialists are careful about distributing source references on the web (apprehensive that others will take the credit to their well deserved research), however might be happy to impart them to you secretly. Stage Two: Track Down the Referenced Source Except if the Web webpage or database incorporates computerized pictures of the genuine source, the following stage is to find the refered to hotspot for yourself. In the event that the wellspring of the data is an ancestry or history book, at that point you may discover a library in the related area has a duplicate and is eager to give copies to a little fee.If the source is a microfilm record, at that point its a decent wagered that the Family History Library has it. To look through the FHLs online list, click on Library, at that point Family History Library Catalog. Use place scan for the town or district to raise the librarys records for that territory. Recorded records would then be able to be obtained and seen through your nearby Family History Center.If the source is an online database or Web webpage, at that point return to Step #1 and check whether you can find a recorded hotspot for that destinations data. Stage Three: Search for a Possible Source At the point when the database, Web website or patron doesnt give the source, its opportunity to turn sleuth. Solicit yourself what type from record may have provided the data you have found. In the event that its a careful date of birth, at that point the source is doubtlessly a birth endorsement or gravestone engraving. In the event that it is a rough year of birth, at that point it might have originated from an evaluation record or marriage record. Indeed, even without a reference, the online information may give enough insights to timespan as well as area to assist you with finding the source yourself. Stage Four: Evaluate the Source and Information It Provides While there are a developing number of Internet databases which give access to checked pictures of unique archives, by far most of lineage data on the Web originates from subsidiary sources - records which have been determined (duplicated, preoccupied, interpreted, or summed up) from already existing, unique sources. Understanding the contrast between these various sorts of sources will assist you with besting evaluate how to check the data that you find. How near the first record is your data source? In the event that it is a copy, computerized duplicate or microfilm duplicate of the first source, at that point it is probably going to be a legitimate portrayal. Arranged records-including abstracts, interpretations, files, and distributed family ancestries are bound to have missing data or translation blunders. Data from these kinds of subordinate sources ought to be additionally followed back to the first source.Does the information originated from essential data? This data, made at or near the hour of the occasion by somebody with individual information on the occasion (for example a birth date gave by the family specialist to the birth authentication), is commonly bound to be precise. Optional data, on the other hand, is made a lot of time after an occasion happened, or by an individual who was absent at the occasion (for example a birth date recorded on a passing authentication by the little girl of the perished). Essential data a s a rule conveys more weight than auxiliary data. Stage Five: Resolve Conflicts Youve found a birthdate on the web, looked at the first source and everything looks great. However, the date clashes with different sources youve found for your progenitor. Does this imply the new information is problematic? Not really. It just implies that you currently need to reconsider each bit of proof as far as its probability to be precise, the explanation it was made in any case, and its validation with other proof. What number of steps is the information from the first source? A database on Ancestry.com that is gotten from a distributed book, which itself was gathered from unique records implies that the database on Ancestry is two stages from the first source. Each extra advance improves the probability of errors.When was the occasion recorded? Data recorded nearer to the hour of the occasion is bound to be accurate.Did whenever slip by between the occasion and the production of the record that relates its subtleties? Family book of scriptures sections may have been made at one sitting, as opposed to at the hour of the genuine occasions. A headstone may have been put on the grave of a precursor years after her demise. A deferred birth record may have been given many years after the real birth.Does the report seem adjusted in any capacity? Distinctive penmanship may imply that data was included sometime later. Advanced photographs may have been altered. It is anything but a typical event, yet i t does happen.What do others say about the source? On the off chance that it is a distributed book or database as opposed to a unique record, utilize an Internet web index to check whether any other person has utilized or remarked on that specific source. This is a particularly decent approach to pinpoint sources which have an enormous number of blunders or irregularities. Cheerful chasing!

Today at SIPA Back-to-Back Events COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Today at SIPA Back-to-Back Events COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog At 4:00 P.M. today SIPA students will have the opportunity to hear from an expert in climate change and economics, and shortly thereafter from a Nobel Peace Prize winner. ____________________________________________ A conversation with Sir Nicholas Stern, author of The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review and   Patel Professor of Economics and Government and Chair of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. 4:00 pm Room 1512, International Affairs Building Sponsored by the School of International and Public Affairs _____________________________________________________ A conversation with Martti Ahtisaari, 2008 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and former president of Finland 6:00 pm Kellogg Conference Center, 15th Floor, International Affairs Building Sponsored by SIPA and the Center for International Conflict Resolution. Photo Credit to Wikipedia

Dont Stress Out

You are the captain of the cross country team. You play the piano and the oboe. You have all A’s and you are taking the most rigorous course load that the high school offers. You have spent your Saturday mornings preparing for the SAT’s and you end up getting over 2100. You even have some time to squeeze in a few clubs like Habitat for Humanity, Key Club, and the Science Olympiad. Where do expect those things to get you? Maybe you want to go to Harvard, Yale, or MIT. Maybe you want to go to the best university in your state. Unfortunately for you, they receive thousands of applications that look almost identical. How do you stand out from the crowd of applicants with the same background, the same academic achievement, and the same test scores as yours? The most important factor in the college application process is the college essay (a.k.a. the dreaded personal statement). Many high school seniors stress out about this because they can’t think of a perfe ct topic to write about. Or maybe they want to write about many things but have a hard time picking just one. Here is a solution: brainstorm a list of topics you want to write about. Write rough drafts for each topic. Have someone read each essay and pick the best one. Once you’ve picked your best essay, proofread, proofread, proofread. Revise and edit your essay until you are absolutely sure that it will grab that tired admission officer’s attention. Remember that admission officers have thousands of essays to read. Make yours stand out. Make them see you as a real person, not just as a number or a list of accomplishments. Finally, you have submitted your application and essay(s). Now you need recommendations from teachers, counselors, and possibly activity sponsors. Pick someone who knows you well enough that he/she can write about you as a person rather than the typical â€Å"hard-working student who shows academic promise.† Teachers should wri te about how you developed as a student and a person throughout the year. They should write about things that would not be found in the rest of the application. They should write about how your interest in a certain subject would benefit you in your chosen field. Even if you don’t have amazing activities or the best transcript on the block, don’t despair. There are thousands of wonderful universities that you can apply to. Who says only the Ivies give the best education? Our society tends to view quality based on the brand-name label, and not on the product itself. Don’t be ashamed to apply to a less prestigious university. Employers hire you based on your skills and what you have done rather than on the prestige of your school. If you are an outstanding student at a less prestigious school, you’ll stand out more to the faculty. Plus, you’ll feel much better about yourself than if you went to an Ivy League school and struggle to keep up with the rest of the geniuses. Please, don’t lose any sleep over worrying about college. It doesn’t matter what college you go to as long as you are willing to work hard, learn, and gain some valuable skills. Success is not defined by prestige. What you do and what you accomplish in the real world can reveal your destiny.

Drugs Inc - 1667 Words

Abstract Illegal drugs are no longer just a domestic problem. The drug trade business is a multibillion dollar enterprise that is run by international criminals. The drug lords behind these operations, non-nation-state actors, have become more powerful than the nation-states in their respective regions. The current â€Å"War on Drugs† strategy has offered little hope for any decisive victory; instead it has dealt primarily with domestic drug prevention, treatment, and market disruption. In this paper, I will demonstrate that because illegal drug trafficking is so inextricably linked to international crime and terrorism, there is a critical need to increase Department of Defense initiatives, in conjunction with the other elements of†¦show more content†¦In the past year, Mexicos civil drug war has claimed some 6,300 lives. The citizens of Mexico are afraid to help because the police have much less power than the gangs and cartels do, also they are scared to talk to anyone due to the trust issues of not knowing who might be in a cartel, the cartels are much more powerful then the police and the people are horrified of being killed by the cartels. Fear is the biggest issue that prevents many cases from ever being solved because investigators hesitate to dig too deeply and witnesses for crimes refuse to talk. President Barack Obama has recently sent drones over Mexico to try and find information about major cartels, (these are unarmed aircraft flying deep into Mexican territory to help find out information about the cartels movements), and it seems to be helping but the government isn’t sure if it’s enough due to the lack of information being received. In the recent years Mexico’s greatest growth has been the involvement of gaining intelligence using Homeland Security and the American military flying manned aircraft and drones along being provided the United States. The war in Mexico is a growing problem and the only solutio n is a full out effort from the United States and Mexico. Our countries have very different cultures and government rules which can make it difficult to workShow MoreRelatedNike : The Growth Stage Of Its Life Cycle2292 Words   |  10 Pagesand its suppliers, this relationship is managed through a cooptation. Jones (2013) states that cooptation is â€Å" a strategy that manages symbiotic interdependencies by neutralizing problematic forces in the specific environment†. To illustrate, Nike Inc. (2015) explains how Nike provides incentives to its suppliers to produce its products in a time and cost efficient manner while maintain a high quality. 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Mainly through Apple, Steve revolutionized the way society manipulates technology. If you have seen Pixar produced films, such as â€Å"Toy Story† or â€Å"Monsters, Inc.†, Jobs had a direct impact on those fil ms. Steven Paul Jobs was undoubtedly the most significant person in the journey to making home computers accessible to everyone. Living in San Francisco, Joanne Schieble was a speech therapist and AbdulfattahRead MoreIs College Worth It?1030 Words   |  5 Pages He did not have it easy in any way, yet he overcame many obstacles and became a very successful and well-known individual. Jobs was an American information technology entrepreneur and inventor, being the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. He lived a counter-cultural lifestyle, and philosophy was a big thing during the time and place of his upbringing. He was adopted at birth, in San Francisco by Paul and Clara Jobs (February 24, 1955). He was very dismissive of his adopted parents

Into The Woods By Stephen Sondheim Essay - 1612 Words

After extensive philosophical examination of the play Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim, suggests that the most compelling key points to analyze are the ethical problems that occur throughout the play. As a matter of fact, to create a better understanding of the play on the ethical context and the text itself, the New Criticism and Issues of Evaluation approach is necessary. In particular, a remarkable ethical problem that must be considered are the decisions taken by the Baker and his wife, and the Witch throughout the play, decisions that play a very important role throughout the play and the field of ethics. In fact, philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume– philosophers that extensibly contributed with ethical views regarding respect and dignity– may agree or disagree with the ethical decisions taken by the characters on specific instances. In fact, Kant and Hume have developed a set of views that determine what is right and wrong; very useful to decide w hether or not the Baker’s decisions are ethically correct in the aspect of respect and dignity. First, it is important to define ethics and how its components play an extensive role in our society. The term ethics is defined as â€Å"Moral principles that govern a person s behaviour or the conducting of an activity.† (Oxford); ethical decisions are the ones that per se determine whether or not murder is wrong. Likewise, ethics consists of different ramifications and perspectives from many philosophers. Moreover,Show MoreRelatedInto The Woods By Stephen Sondheim1578 Words   |  7 PagesInto the Woods is a musical that was written by songwriter, Stephen Sondheim and director, James Lapine. In this musical, several Disney stories are humorously re-told by creatively combining their stories into one interrelated adventure. This show opened on November 5, 1989 and ran 764 performances before this film of the musical was released in 1990. Into the Woods was one of Sondheim ’s most popular works in over 25 years. He is known to be the â€Å"giant† of musical theatre during his time for suchRead MoreThe Popular Musical Into The Woods1655 Words   |  7 PagesIn the popular musical Into the Woods, composed by Stephen Sondheim and written by James Lapine, a twist is placed on long-loved fairy tales, such as those of Cinderella and Rapunzel. The fairy tales all start out normal- Little Red Riding Hood is going into the woods to bring goodies to her grandmother, Jack to sell his cow for money. Cinderella wants to go to the ball; Rapunzel wants to escape the tower and be with her prince. Everybody wants something, as humans generally do. Where the twist comesRead MoreThe Into The Woods Movie Trailer1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe Into the Woods movie trailer is a modern twist on the favorite fairy tales Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Jack and the Beanstalk, and Rapunzel. These plots, which derive from several classic Brothers Grimm fairy tales, are linked together by an original tale involving a baker and his infertile wife and their journey to start a family. The trailer is a preview of the 2014 film that is produced by Disney and is based off the musical by Stephen Sondheim. Nowadays, American society commonlyRead MoreTim Burton s Work As A Director2501 Words   |  11 PagesSweeney Todd being one of them. Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) is a film starring Johnny Depp in the title roll. The film is an adaptation of a Broadway musical of the same name written and composed by Tony Award winning Stephen Sondheim. It is the tale of a barber, Benjamin Barker, who has returned to London under an alias, ie Todd. He is intent to have his revenge on the judge that had become smitten with his wife. The judge sentenced him to prison on bogus charges and destroyedRead MoreReview Of The Tale Of Tim Burton 2518 Words   |  11 PagesAward-winning Stephen Sondheim. It is the tale of a barber, Benjamin Barker, who has returned to London under an alias, i.e. Todd, intends to have his revenge on the judge who had become smitten with his wife. The judge sentenced him to prison on bogus charges and destroyed his family. In the opening song Todd recites â€Å"There s a hole in the world like a great black pit, and the vermin of the world inhabit it and its morals aren t worth what a pig could spit and it goes by the name of London† (Sondheim). ThisRead MoreA Complex Princess : The Evolving Story Of Cinderella2229 Words   |  9 Pages(1998) George Fenton (b. Oct. 19, 1950) Cinderella (2015) Patrick Doyle (b. April 6, 1953) Walt Disney’s Cinderella (1950) Oliver Wallace (b. Aug. 6, 1887 - d. Sep. 15, 1963) Paul J. Smith (b. Oct. 30, 1906 - d. Jan. 25, 1985) Into the Woods (2014) Stephen Sondheim (b. March 22, 1930)Introduction Fairy Tales are a piece of actual reality, human nature and moral dilemmas we all have to face at one time or another. But, sometimes, it isn t as simple as â€Å"good vs. evil† as we would like to think it

A State s Natural Resources Wealth Influence Its Economic...

How does a state s natural resource wealth influence its economic development? For the past fifty years, versions of this question have figured prominently in debates over dependency theory, economic dualism, a proposed New International Economic Order, East Asia’s success, and Africa’s collapse. Since the late 1980s, economists and political scientists have produced a flood of new research that bears witness to this question. There is now strong evidence that states with abundant resource wealth perform less well than their resource-poor counterparts, but there is little agreement on why this occurs. Natural resources undoubtedly play an important role in the economy of many countries. Whether their contribution to development is beneficial or detrimental is a contested and difficult question to answer. Arguably countries like Australia, U.A.E. and Norway have gained enormously over long periods from their natural resources, others like Iran and Russia have gained in economic growth terms but maybe at the expense of institutional development, while in some countries, such as Angola and Sierra Leone, natural resources have been at the heart of violent conflicts with devastating effects for society. With many developing countries being highly resource dependent, a deeper understanding of the sources and solutions to the potential problem of natural resources is highly relevant. The disappointing performance of resource rich economies, especially those with a pointShow MoreRelatedEconomic Inequality Of The United States1435 Words   |  6 Pagesgap in the United States is a â€Å"defining challenge of our time†. Economic inequality consistently ranks amongst the greatest concerns of voters and is the subject of growing national and international attention. As such, explorations of rising inequality are not new. Where the readings are revelatory, however, is in their efforts to expose the fallacy that economic distribution, be it the hyper-concentration of wealth at the top or the existence of poverty at the bottom, is ‘natural’, nothing more thanRead MoreIndonesia Is An Archipelago Nation Consisting Of More Than1591 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurrence of other natural-hazard induced disasters include forest fires, earthquakes, and volcanoes (UNISDR 2009). Indonesia is a former Dutch colony that was occupied by Japanese Empire from 1942 until 1945. At the end of the Second World War Indonesia declared independence. After the Indonesian Independence Revolution, the Dutch granted Indonesia sovereignty in 1949 (Ricklefs 1991) (Reid (1973). Indonesia is the world’s third-largest democratic state, and has the world s fourth-largest populationRead MoreEffects Of Colonial Policies And Practices Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesdetrimental impact of colonial policies and practices on â€Å"colonial† and post-colonial Africa. In spite of their independence, African nations continue to face serious economic, social, and military challenges. I claim colonialism served as a significant force that had a detrimental impact on African society, economics, and politics. The Oxford dictionary defines colonialism as the â€Å"policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlersRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1557 Words   |  7 Pages There is no They While we worry about dieting, 35,000 people starve to death every day. (rsrevision) From crib to grave, one s life chances are dictated by the abnormal evels of inequality that construe the modern world. A girl born in California will most certainly live to old age; However if she is born in West Africa, she has a one in four chance of dying before her 5th birthday. These discouraging truths envelope our everyday realities, and the single most poignant factor is poverty; whichRead MoreGeography And Its Impact On Human Behavior1128 Words   |  5 Pageslocated influences patterns of endogenous lifestyles and who are the neighbor countries for the nation is likely to set up exogenous international relations (Glanoor, 1995). Geography has indeed shaped a wide variety of the many aspects of human life over time and that outcome has somewhat shaped human behavior. In this sense, geography and humans affect each other. Based on a country’s location and boundaries it can have many economic benefits for example like underground oil and other natural resourcesRead MoreCapital Analysis : Capital And Income Inequality Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesAs a Economics book, The book Capital in the Twenty-First Century is written for all Economics scholars and Econ major students all over the world. Since the book is mainly talking about the wealth and income inequality in the United States and Europe since the 18th century, it is a great reference for scholars who is writing papers about wealth distribution and income inequality. In addition, since the book was announced to be made into a documentary movie, it will be an original reference for thoseRead MoreMongolian Mining Industry Development Trajectory1167 Words   |  5 PagesFindings of the Research Study According to the research, the Mongolian mining industry development trajectory can be divided into four distinct periods of evolution: 1. Opening or Freewheeling (1990-1994); 2. Environmental Protectionism or Braking (1995-2005); 3. Nationalistic Protectionism or Stalling (2006-2011); and 4. Loosening Restrictions or Backpedaling (2012-2015). In recent years, the economy of Mongolia has grown substantially due to its mining industry’s expansion and productionRead MoreChina s Economic Growth With Capacity And Influence941 Words   |  4 PagesSince the 1980 s China is a develop country that never stop until now, and will rise to dominate the world in the Twenty First Century. China has a big potential geographic realm, population and natural resource which not else has in the world. Based in China s economic miracle from oriented economy to open market it is presented a transitions economy with more orderly, established, and accommodating that could have been imagined for all of us. It started from zero economy level and will grow mayRead MoreEconomic Factors That Influence Our Quality Of Life1379 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic factors that influence our quality of life in Australia An economy refers to the way in which a society is systematized to solve the economic problem of the insufficiency of resources relative to the society s needs and wants involving the countries production, distribution and exchange. There are many factors or the economy that influence the standard of living in Australia. The Main Factors are Australias Economic System, The key resources of the Australian economy, and the key economicRead MoreEnergy Security And The United States1553 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Introduction Energy is more than a utility that keeps the lights on in our homes or the gas in our cars; it’s a foundational resource that plays a key role in a nation’s ability to provided economic opportunity and basic services and security to its people. As such, it is imperative to a nation’s overall security that it develops/acquires access to energy, ensures energy needs are properly met and supplies are readily available, and disruptions minimized. Policy directs that the U

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1760 Words

Matthew Hakimian Ms. Tunick English 10 January 2017 Legalizing Marijuana-Why it Should Happen Now Marijuana is a very controversial topic in today’s society for a lot of different reasons. Much of the country is divided between whether or not the drug should be legalized, and as of today only 8 states have legalized the recreational use of marijuana. There is great deal of evidence that proves that legalizing marijuana would be a great move for the United States government such as the numerous health benefits of marijuana, the relative safety of marijuana when compared to other drugs, the immense amount of money the U.S economy could gain through the marijuana industry, the potential billions saved in law†¦show more content†¦A federal study conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine (IOM) arrived at the conclusion that Millions of Americans have tried marijuana, but most are not regular users and few marijuana users become dependent on it.... Although some marijuana users develop dependence, they appear to be less likely to do so than u sers of other drugs (including alcohol and nicotine), and marijuana dependence appears to be less severe than dependence on other drugs. Marijuana is also a very safe drug, and is even safer than some common foods. After two years of testimony, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) chief administrative law judge Francis Young ruled: In strict medical terms, marijuana is far safer than many foods we commonly consume. For example, eating 10 raw potatoes can result in a toxic response. By comparison, it is physically impossible to consume enough marijuana to induce death.† Marijuana should also be legalized because it can provide a wide range of benefits for its user. In the words of Noel Merino, â€Å"Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man. Marijuana is even recommended by doctors for medical use, and medicinal marijuana use is already legal in 28 states. However, a country wide legalization of medicinal marijuana would make sense in the U.S because of the many different medical benefits marijuana has. Marijuana is also a great way toShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational dru g. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?997 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It: The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Should marijuana be legalized? Many Americans have been asked this question or have heard some type of news about the issue. Marijuana is commonly known as cannabis which refers to the dried up hemp plant cannabis sativa, even though marijuana is a plant and has no chemical additives it has been a tropic of controversy for many years but nowadays it is in the spotlight more than ever. For centuries, marijuana has been used by people throughout theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conducted

Nursing in Alabama Free Essays

The focal point of this paper is to look into the aspects of nursing profession in Alabama. Nursing profession in Alabama could be regarded as a profession that is on a high note lately. In 2000 it was reported that there are about 41,500 nurses in Alabama who are legally licensed as RN or registered nurses. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing in Alabama or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also reported that at current date there are about 85% of these nurses who are actively on the go with their profession and are employed with different agencies and institutions. This number is about 34,000 as on 2000. One interesting observation about the profession of nursing in Alabama is that the population per 100000 consist 765 registered nurses. This is lower than the national rate as it is 780 per 100000 people. (Sen, 2001) In the same year, 2000, the state of Alabama ranked quite well at 10 under the parameter of employment of vocational or licensed practical nurses among other states.   However, it should also be looked after that out of a population per 100000 individuals the total number of licensed practical nurses was 330. This was much higher than the national rate of licensed practical nurse at it stands at 240 per 100000 individuals. But when it comes to total number of licensed practical nurses Alabama scores average at 19th with the sum total being 15000 workers.   However, it should be mentioned that the number of nurse practitioners in 2000 in the state of Alabama was 1400 which is almost at par with the national index of nurse practitioners. . (Sen, 2001) Though it is true that Nursing salaries, like physician salaries, vary by experience, location and specialization it should be noted that on an average a nurse can earn $10-$20 per hour in Alabama, with an additional housing subsidy and this pay can get even higher in areas of high living like Chicago San Francisco or New York. It has been estimated that this amount can rise for traveling nurses to $24-$35 per hour and is almost double the amount of the average stationary nurse. For records, California offers the most number of jobs for traveling nurses. However, it should also be mentioned that the profession of traveling nurse is short termed and a part time job. Usually sums up to 3-4 months in a year or for 45 days on an average out of a year of 365 days. (Mukherjee, 2004) Education is a vital aspect in the field of nursing. MSN or Master of Science in Nursing Program follows a well formulated Terminal Objectives that is very relevant in both medical and administrative level. In general sense the MSN Terminal Objectives includes a general Administration-MSN Track followed by an Education or MSN Track. The next MSN Terminal Objectives that follow after these are The RN-MSN Degree and The Coordinated MSN or MBA Option followed by a Nursing Education Certificate Program. Next there is the UT Southwester Women’s Health Care Nurse Practitioner MSN Completion and The MSN-NP Degree. Shortly after this there is Admission to UT Tyler MSN, MSN or MBA, MSN or NP Programs. There is also a Policy for Non-Degree Seeking Students Procedure for Course Equivalency Determination. Last phase comes with the inclusion of MSN Progression, Thesis and Thesis or Professional Scholarship. (Roberts, 2005) The current workforce analysis of Nurses in Alabama as on 2005 was around 48,000 and at a national level this figure sums up to 1200000. In the same context it could be mentioned that the average salary of a regular nurse in Alabama is about $2500-$3000 which is practically at par with the national index of salary rate of nurses in the US. However, working conditions vary from state to state and Alabama ranks quite high in this respect positioned only second to California. Alabama provides a 7 hour per day shift with any one day in the week as off day for a nurse with free lodging available. (Anand, 2006) Training and education requirement for a nurse in Alabama include the MSN schedule and is regarded as the most essential aspect for getting a license. For sustaining this license or continuing education requirements are essential and there is always room for updated activity and a 3 week semester is available for the registered nurses per year. This semester in the on an average ranges around 2.5 weeks nationwide. However it should be noted that licenses are issued by the Alabama Authority for Care for nurses residing in Alabama whereas the central board of nursing is in based in New York under the name National Board of Registered Nurses. The licenses issued by NBRS-NY are valid all over the US. (Anand, 2006) In the context of Alabama the supply and demand curve of nurses is extremely favorable. At present there is a shortage of about 15% nurses in Alabama alone in respect to the license issued and active workforce. However, in the national context this data is more marginal as the difference between demand and supply of registered nurses is only 3.43%. (Anand, 2006) It should be remembered that the profession of nursing is a noble profession and to excel in it requires hard works with compassion and a favorable state would help this profession to flourish. The state of Alabama could be regarded as an ideal venue for nursing with its high demands.   (Podolski, 2006) References: Anand, M; (2006); US HealthCare Forum: Current Data Analysis; IBL Alliance Ltd. 452-461 Mukherjee, Sachin D; (2004); Thought Strategies; IBL Alliance Ltd. 327 Podolski, V; (2006); Public Perception of Perceptions: An Approach Towards well being; IBL Alliance Ltd. 87 Roberts, O M; (2005); Outline of Social care; National Book Trust 43 Sen, S; (2001); USA: Nursing Data; ABP Ltd. 98-101    How to cite Nursing in Alabama, Essay examples

Myth Or Science Essay Example For Students

Myth Or Science? Essay Throughout history there have been many attempts to explain the origin and workings of our universe. Most every culture has their own cosmogony. Nearly every individual has his or her own idea of what our universe is. During our modern era of advanced scientific knowledge, we feel that we have a good grasp on how the universe works. We have our Chemistry and Physics, along with Mathematics, to examine the universe with. Any person educated in these fields will tell you that they know our universe. The point is science in the modern era is thought to be the correct summation of the universe. We think we are right. Does this make everyone else wrong? Those that believe in myth over science, are they wrong? These are some of the questions that I will be discussing in this essay. I will examine the evolution of cosmological thought in Ancient Greece (Pre-Socratics through Aristotle). In doing this, I will show a movement from myth to more science based cosmologies. I will then examine th e Buddhist Cosmology, which is somewhat separated from Ancient Greek thought. After all of this, I will examine the question of which is more correct, Science or Myth. Before continuing a clear definition of ?myth? needs to be established. The term myth has multiple meanings. Websters II Dictionary, defines it the three different ways. ?1. A traditional story that deals with supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes that serve as primordial types in a primitive view of the world. 2. A real or fictional story that appeals to the consciousness of a people by embodying its cultural ideals or by giving expression to deep commonly felt emotions. 3. A fictitious or imaginary person, idea, or thing.? For the sake of this essay, I would like the second definition to apply to my use of the word myth. The term myth should not be thought of as fictitious or primitive. The possibility for the myth to be real should always be considered. Some of the earliest known philosophies on the creation of the Earth come from the works of Hesiod. In his Theogony he attempts to explain the creation of the Earth, and all that surrounds him, using myth. In the myth Hesiod an thropomorphizes the cosmos. He tells of ?Chaos? being the first to come into being, then he goes on to describe how each of the gods of the cosmos comes in to being. The gods of the cosmos are all related to some characteristic of our universe. They can be physical parts or concepts (similar to Platos idea of the forms). For example the line, ?Earth first bore starry Heaven, equal to herself, to cover her on every side, and to be an ever-sure abiding-place for the blessed gods.?(Theogony, 126) describes both the act of birth, which is a human characteristic, and physical parts of the universe being gods (Heaven meaning the stars, and the Earth). He also has gods, such as Eros, which represents the concept of Love. Two main issues the come up during discussions of cosmology are how the universe was created and out of what was the universe created. In the Theogony, Hesiod has the world created out of gods that are human by nature and to create this universe the gods reproduced. Hesiods theories of the universe can clearly be classified as myth, since there is no scientific background for it. The philosophers to follow Hesiod moved slightly away from this. The Pre-Socratics begin to de-anthropomorphize the universe. Even later, in the works of Socrates and Plato, the universe is completely de-anthropomorphized. The Pre-Socratics focus more on what the universe was made of than how it was created. They typically chose a single element that everything consisted of and tried to explain the world according to that element. Sometimes these elements were one of the basic four elements; earth, fire, air, and water. Sometimes they were more abstract such as Anaximanders theory. ?The principle element of existing things was the aperion it is neither water nor any other of the so-call elements, but some other aperion nature, from which come into being all the heavens and the worlds in them.?(Hetherington, pg. 58) The Pre-Socratics based their theories on insight and observations. For this reason their theories are both mythical and scientific. Because some of their choices of what the key element is are based on instinctive feelings, they can be considered myth. On the other hand, they support their ideas through observations and experience making the ideas scientific. Science is defined one way in Websters II Dictionary to be ?Knowledge that is acquired through experience.? The Pre-Socratics were not completely scientific because not everything they theorized was based on experience, but they were not as mythical as Hesiod either. Diabetes EssayMultiple lives, reincarnation, is another important aspect of the Buddhist thought. The idea of karma plays a major role in the lives of Buddhists. ?In Buddhism, an individual experiences rebirth into this world and begins the volitional production of both good and bad karma, or lay, which will determine his or her future rebirth and chances for enlightenment.? (French, pg. 63) To reach enlightenment is the highest standard for the Buddhists, which might be why nirv?na is placed on the outer most edge of their world. To reach enlightenment one must have developed a high level of good karma. Those that do not reach enlightenment in their lifetime are reborn into the world, and the life given to them is based on the level of karma they were at when they died. This makes karma not only important because it is the way to reach enlightenment, but also because it will provide a better life. After discussing the cosmogonies of different cultures, we have come across to different methods of thought. These being, myth and science. We have seen the Greek thought move from myth to science, and we have seen the Buddhist thought focus in on myth. The question arises, which method of thought is better or more accurate? Ask an astronomer or a physicist, and they will probably tell you that science is more accurate. Ask a Buddhist monk or a Zen master and they might tell you that myth is better (if the definition of myth is presented to them properly). The physicist will argue that science has evolved so far that we can accurately predict the motion of the planets, we can explain the process of recreation, etc. This is a very strong argument for using science to explain the universe. The Buddhist monk will reply that we only believe that we know those things and that it is just a part of the illusion of the first reality. This wont convince the physicist, but it does open another door. A person who opens their minds to all the possibilities will not be able to rule out the idea that everything we perceive could simply be an illusion presented to us. Science itself could be the illusion. If the entity that set up the illusion (if there is one) wanted the illusion to be believable, they most likely would place a set of laws on the illusion to keep it consistent. These laws could be the laws that we are now discovering and calling science. This is just one of many possible arguments for myth being the method of explanation of the universe. A scientist might not agree and say that this argument is implausible, but their only evidence against it would be the science that has been declared illusionary. By no means am I stating that myth is the proper method of explaining the universe. I am merely stating that it, and science, are possible explanations. Which one to believe in is complete up to the individual. Bibliography:Hetherington, Norriss S. Cosmology : Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives. New York ; London: Garland Publishing, Inc, 1993. French, Rebecca Redwood. The Golden Yolk : The Legal Cosmology of Buddhist Tibet. Ithaca ; London, Cornell University Press, 1995. Kloetzli, Randy. Buddhist Cosmology. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1983.

Parthenon Pantheon Comparison Essay Example

Parthenon Pantheon Comparison Essay The Parthenon is known to all of us as a huge structure that was built many thousands of years ago. But is that all it really is. The Parthenons construction started in 447 B.C. and the whole structure was completed in 438 B.C. (A)First for the Parthenon the emperor wanted to turn the building into a church. So it was but after much disputes over the Emperor Theodosius, the Franks, and the Turks. Finallya conclusion was made and the Parthenon became a Christian Church. (A) The reason for the Parthenon to begin with was a monument for Athena. There were two Temples dedicated to Athenabefore the construction of the Parthenon, but in 480 B.C. the Persians destroyed those two temples. They insisted to pay respect to the goddess they would build another temple, that is still standing to this day. Built by two architects Ictinus and Callicrates, and people say that the temple is a prime example of Doric one of three Greek architectural styles. (B) Inside the temple there were two rooms mad e on was the East room which was designated to the 40 foot high statue of their goddess Athena, and a smaller room housing the Delian League Treasury. (D) Since the Parthenon was made for the Goddess Athena every four years there was a celebration of the people of Greece in honor of goddess Athena. The celebrations would last up to 12 days, and included music, dancing, and sporting events. On the peak of the celebration which was Athenas birthday there would be 100 bulls sacrificed in honor to Athena. (A) In Rome there is another beautiful building that we may not know enough about. It is know as the Pantheon. The Pantheon was built as a monument or temple to all the Gods of Rome. The Pantheon was built in 27 B.C. and is the only building in the Roman Greco world that is still in perfect condition. The Pantheon was built to replace two building that were destroyed. One wasFor those of you who dont know the

Tips To Improve Your Student Essay

Tips To Improve Your Student EssayIf you are writing a good student essay, what is the best approach? How can you improve your skill level and earn a very high grade? A good student essay will not be of high quality if it does not contain sufficient information. Therefore, it is necessary to work out every little detail.Knowing how to structure a good student essay helps in improving its performance. It is also very important to use proper grammar and punctuation. It is of no use for a student to write something that sounds like an essay.Students who are writing student essays need to have a clear idea of what they want to say. They should be able to break down and organize the information in a manner that is understandable by their audience. An essay that is not organized is likely to turn out to be confusing. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that each student should write his or her own essay.Being aware of what you are writing is another crucial tip for students. You can use Google search to find out what students are writing. Try to gather ideas from their writings. Do not copy the writing style, as it is normally more polished than yours. Make sure that you follow the same style, which suits your subject matter.Besides, it is important for you to compose your essay sample on a consistent basis. This is because you will need to practice writing it over again. So, do not start writing a new essay right away.There are some professional writing schools which offer free student essays. So, you can try these out if you think that this is the best way to improve your ability to write a good student essay. You can also download free writing samples from various websites.In short, the tips given above are useful in your quest to write a good student essay. Do not forget to include the above tips when writing your own essay.

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Authors Tone Worksheet 1

Author's Tone Worksheet 1 On most major reading comprehension tests, youll see a question or two related to figuring out the authors tone along with other reading comprehension skills such as finding the main idea, understanding vocabulary in context, determining the authors purpose and making inferences. But before you jump into this authors tone worksheet, first, read about what authors tone really is and three of the tricks you can use to determine the authors tone when you dont have a clue. Feel free to use these free printable pdf files for your own educational use, too: Authors Tone Worksheet 1  |  Authors Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key PASSAGE 1: An excerpt from H.G. Wells The Invisible Man THE STRANGER  came early in February one wintry day, through a biting wind and a driving snow, the last snowfall of the year, over the down, walking as it seemed from Bramblehurst railway station and carrying a little black portmanteau in his thickly gloved hand. He was wrapped up from head to foot, and the brim of his soft felt hat hid every inch of his face but the shiny tip of his nose; the snow had piled itself against his shoulders and chest, and added a white crest to the burden he carried. He staggered into the Coach and Horses, more dead than alive as it seemed, and flung his portmanteau down. â€Å"A fire,† he cried, â€Å"in the name of human charity! A room and a fire!† He stamped and shook the snow from off himself in the bar, and followed Mrs. Hall into her guest parlour to strike his bargain. And with that much introduction, that and a ready consent to terms and a couple of coins flung upon the table, he took up his quarters in the inn. 1. What does the author most likely want to convey through the use of the phrase â€Å"ready consent to terms and a couple of coins flung upon the table?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. The strangers lack of manners and thoughtfulness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. The strangers desire quickly get to his room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. The strangers greediness in bartering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. The strangers discomfort. PASSAGE 2: An excerpt from Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice IT is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      ‘My dear Mr. Bennet,’ said his lady to him one day, ‘have you heard that Netherfield Park is leased at last?’  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      ‘But it is,’ returned she; ‘for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      Mr. Bennet made no answer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      ‘Do not you want to know who has taken it?’ cried his wife, impatiently.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      ‘You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      This was invitation enough.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      ‘Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         ‘What is his name?’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         ‘Bingley.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœIs he married or single?’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         ‘Oh, single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         ‘How so? How can it affect them?’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         ‘My dear Mr. Bennet,’ replied his wife, ‘how can you be so tiresome? You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         ‘Is that his design in settling here?’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         ‘Design? Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.’ 2. The authors attitude toward mothers trying to arrange marriages for their daughters could best be described as: A. accepting of the notion B. irritated with the notion C. astonished by the notion D. amused by the notion 3. What tone is the author most likely trying to convey with the sentence, It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. satiric   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. scornful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. reproachful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. weary PASSAGE 3: An excerpt from Edgar Allen Poes The Fall of the House of Usher DURING  the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country, and at length found myself, as the shades of evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher. I know not how it was- but, with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit. I say insufferable; for the feeling was unrelieved by any of that half-pleasurable, because poetic, sentiment, with which the mind usually receives even the sternest natural images of the desolate or terrible. I looked upon the scene before me- upon the mere house, and the simple landscape features of the domain- upon the bleak walls- upon the vacant eye-like windows- upon a few rank sedges- and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees- with an utter depression of soul which I can compare to no earthly sensation more properly than to the after- dream of the reveller upon opium- the bitter lapse into every-day life- the hideous dropping of the veil. There was an iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart- an unredeemed dreariness of thought which no goading of the imagination could torture into aught of the sublime. What was it- I paused to think- what was it that so unnerved me in the contemplation of the House of Usher? 4. Which of the following choices provides the best answer to the authors final question posed in the text, while maintaining the tone of the article? A. It could be that Id fallen into a nightmare without knowing it.   B. It had to be the dreariness of the day. Nothing about the house itself was particularly depressing. C. The solution defied me. I couldnt get at the heart of my displeasure. D. It was a mystery I couldnt solve; nor could I grapple with the shadowy fancies that crowded upon me as I pondered.   5. Which emotion is the author most likely trying to rouse from his reader after reading this text?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. hatred   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. terror   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. apprehension   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. depression

Career or job search Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career or job search - Research Paper Example I searched for and used three websites that have different emphases in their writings. I could use what I have learned through this research in a job search by being familiar with alternative work arrangements and knowing if certain organizations offer them, or being capable of requesting it if it can be applied to my target job position. First, it is important to be familiar with alternative work arrangements because it means that I know the pros and cons enough to justify it to my employers. Second, this knowledge will help me find organizations that support flexible work arrangements. Third, this knowledge will also help me know how to request for it and to use it properly without affecting my performance. This website is useful in understanding an example of a policy regarding alternative work arrangements and it is important in giving information about definitions and responsibilities, key considerations, performance evaluations, and request process. The content comes from the Human Resources department that emphasizes that alternative work arrangements are seen as a â€Å"privilege,† not an employee right, because â€Å"[n]ot all employees and jobs are suited for these types of arrangements† (Human Resources at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2013). This is a crucial point because there is no employment law that states that all workers have rights to demand flexible work time. Moreover, the website offers key considerations and performance evaluations. These variables stress the dimensions of work that allow it to be done through flexible arrangements and that employees still have to go through performance evaluation. Finally, the request process is added, which enlightens employees about guidelines and procedures. The website provides useful information on actual alternative work arrangements policy and processes. The website is

Gender development in kids Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender development in kids - Research Paper Example â€Å"Gender focuses on whether an individual is male or female based on how a person acts. It is related to what people expect from women and men. Sex, on the other hand, is related to a person's body. It has to do with whether an individual is biologically male or female (Myers-Walls, 2010).† Very few cases of wrong sex identification have happened in the past. Meanwhile, the gender of a person can only be known by himself or by those close to him, and this does not need to be printed in any legal document. According to Oswalt (2008), â€Å"Kohlberg's theory of gender identity development describes how young children learn to understand their gender, and what being that gender means in their everyday life. Kohlberg theorized that there are 3 stages to this process. Initially, during the early preschool years (ages 3 to 4 years), young children engage in gender labeling. Young children can tell the difference between boys and girls, and will label people accordingly. However , these very young children still believe that gender can change and is not permanent.† Influences on Gender Development of Children Everyone is influenced by society. From the moment each one is exposed to others, he begins to think about how he should act around them in terms of words and characteristics. Another influence that society has on an individual is the development of his gender. Recent studies show that children of age five and up already have an idea of the gender that they belong in, and it is also during this time that they act out to be a boy or girl depending on what they think is appropriate (Gender and Child Development, n.d). Oswalt (2008) also says that â€Å"by age 5, children tend to play with ‘gender-specific’ toys†¦Young boys often play together in larger groups, while young girls tend to play more in pairs and smaller groups.† Some of the stereotypes that the community has are that a little girl should play with dolls and a l ittle boy with trucks or other â€Å"masculine† toys. This is in reference to the kind of personality that they need to develop: women being passionate and kind and men being aggressive and strong. The children themselves do not know this during their early days, but when they look up at their models (i.e. parents, guardians, media), they try to act out the role of the one that they consider to be the most similar to them. Little girls tend to take up the actions of their mother, while little boys tend to copy their fathers. Durso (2000) also states that â€Å"gender stability  is the realization that girls grown up to be women, that they don't grow penises and becomes men, and vice versa. Little boys realize that their penises will not fall off and that they won't grow a vagina and become a woman.† This trend is disrupted when parents do not give their children the right affection that they deserve. For example, a father who wants to have a son and is given a daught er instead would either feel indifferent towards the daughter, or raise her as he would his son. A daughter that is raised in a masculine role most

Climate Change Impact On Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Impact On Marine Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay INTRODUCTION:- Extended periods of summers or winters, unusual rains, extreme droughts or floods and many more natural calamities that human started experiencing is depicting one phenomenon: Climate Change. Climate of any region refers to averaged weather over a period of 30 years or more and climate change refers to a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns, over a period ranging from decades to million. According to IPCC, climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer, this could be naturally or can be caused by the anthropogenic agents. However United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) considers only those changes which are in addition to the natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods and are attributed directly or indirectly to human activi ty that alters the composition of the global atmosphere. Within the past 100 years global temperature has increased approximately 0.6  °C, and is projected to rise by 2 to 4  °C by the end of this century (IPCC 2007). This increase in earth surface temperature cause glaciers shrinkage, melting of ice, sea level rise, changes of large ocean currents, shifts in the rainfall, evaporation and runoff pattern and thus affecting regional weather system and considerably influencing human and other life forms. Carbon dioxide is considered to be the main causative force attributing to climate change along with other greenhouse gases like methane, nitrogen oxide etc., which induces the warming of earth surface. Climate change is the biggest global challenge before mankind and fisheries is one of the sector which seems to be under imminent threat as alteration in water flow, fluctuation in water temperature and alteration in water quality influences the metabolic rate which regulates the important activities like feeding, digestion, growth rate, maturation, breeding and survival of fish. According to Natural Resource Defence Council (NRDC) global warming lead to disappearance of Salmon and Trout as much as 18 to 38 per cent of their habitat by the year 2090. And India having a vast coast line (8129 kms) is highly vulnerable to effects brought about by climate change and the rise in sea level can cause an ecological disaster (UNEP, 1989). This articles deal with enlisting some of the major impacts climate change will have on marine fisheries. Impact on physical environments As the temperature is increasing, the oceans are warming, but with geographical differences and some decadal variability. Global average sea level has been rising since 1961, but the rate has been accelerated since 1993. Higher frequency and intensity climate processes, such as El Nià ±o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and decadal-scale regime shifts, are expected to continue, with possible increases in their intensity or/and frequency in coming decades. Warming is more intense in surface waters but is not exclusive to these, with the Atlantic showing particularly clear signs of deep warming. Changes in ocean salinity have been observed, with increasing in salinity in near-surface waters in the more evaporative regions near to equator, and high latitudes showing decreasing salinity due to greater precipitation, higher runoff, melting ice and advection. The oceans are also becoming more acidic, with likely negative consequences to many coral reef and calcium-bearing organisms. Although there are no clearly discernible net changes in ocean upwelling patterns, there are indications that their seasonality may be affected. It is very likely that over the short term (within a few years), there will be negative impacts on the physiology of fish in localities where temperature increases, through limiting oxygen transport. Impact on biological functions and fish stocks Although large regional differences exist, especially at regional scales, most models predict a slight decrease in primary production in the seas and oceans and many models predict composition shifts to smaller phytoplankton which are likely to lead to changes in food webs in general. Changes in fish distributions in response to climate variations have been observed, generally consisting of pole ward expansions of warmer-water species and pole ward contractions of colder-water species. Changes are likely to affect pelagic species more rapidly than other species groups. Some examples of responses to climate change by different marine species are discernible in the Indian seas. (1) Until 1985, almost the entire catch of Oil sardine and Indian mackerel was from the Malabar upwelling zone and the catch was either very low or there was no catch from latitudes north of 14  °N. In the last two decades, however, the catches from latitude 14  °N to 20  °N are increasing which shows an e xtension of distributional boundary and a positive correlation was found between the catches and sea surface temperature (SST). (2) During 1970-2007, the catches of Catfish from southwest and southeast coasts decreased. On the other hand, the catches from the northwest and northeast coasts increased during the same period. It shows the strong negative correlation between catfish catch and SST along the two southern coasts and positive correlation between catch and SST along the northern coasts and hence a good example of shift in latitudinal distribution and abundance (3) During 1985-1989, only 2% of mackerel catch was from bottom trawlers, and the rest of the catch was contributed by pelagic gear such as drift gillnet where as in 2003-2010, 15% of mackerel catch is contributed by bottom trawlers along the Indian coast which shows a shift in the depth of occurrence of mackerels. The Indian trawlers operate at a depth ranging from 20m to 80m by employing high opening trawlers. As the surface waters are also warming up, it appears that the mackerel, being a tropical fish, has extended its vertical boundary to deeper waters. (4) data on the number of female spawners of threadfin breams Nemipterus japonicus and N. mesoprion collected every month off Chennai (south-east coast of India) from 1981 to 2010 indicated a trend in the shifting of spawning season from warmer (April September) to cooler months (October March) was discernible. Impact on fishers and fishermen communities Other than the direct impact of climate change on the present day human life, there are a lot of indirect impacts which adversely affects the fisher which are as varied as the climate change themselves. Impacts would be felt through changes in capture, production and marketing costs, changes in sales prices, and possible increase in risks of damage or loss of infrastructure, fishing tools and housing. Fishery-dependent communities may also face increased vulnerability in terms of less stable livelihoods, decreases in availability or quality of fish for food, and safety risks due to fishing in harsher weather conditions and further from their landing sites. Within communities and households, existing gender issues related to differentiated access to resources and occupational change in markets, distribution and processing, where women currently play a significant role, may be heightened under conditions of stress and increased competition for resources and jobs stemming from climate c hange. Communities located in deltas, coral atolls and ice dominated coasts will also be particularly vulnerable to sea level rise and associated risks of flooding, saline intrusion and coastal erosion. Coastal communities and small island states without proper extreme weather adaptation programmes, in terms of infrastructure design, early warning systems and knowledge of appropriate behaviour, will also be at high risk. Salination of the agricultural fields due to seawater intrusion is negatively impacting the agriculture field, however this leads to taking aquaculture as major adaptive measure and thus adaptive role as an alternative livelihood, compensating for income and some aspects of food supply. Impact on Coral reef ecosystems Risks to coral reefs are not distributed equally. Three different time scales can be identified for climate change-related impacts to coral reef systems: years: increased temperature effects on coral bleaching; decades: increasing acidification and dissolution of carbonate structures of reefs; multidecades: weakening of structural integrity of reefs and increasing susceptibility to storms and erosion events. Increasing acidity (decreasing pH) is a significant and pervasive longer-term threat to coral reefs. Potential for coral reef systems to adapt to these environmental stresses is uncertain: symbiotic zooxanthellae may adapt to be more tolerant of high temperature whereas migration of corals to higher latitudes is unlikely. These declines in corals will have negative impacts on reef fish biodiversity along with the putting pressure on the integrity of the eco-system. Positive Impacts of climate change Some of the positive impacts includes Increased food conversion efficiencies growth rates due to warmer waters; Increased primary production would provide more food for filter-feeding invertebrates; Increased length of the growing season range expansions to pole wards due to decrease in ice; Sea level rise also has the potential to flood coastal land areas, mangrove and sea grass regions which may supply seed stock for aquaculture species. Shortened duration of larval cycles can also help in the availability of seeds. Potential adaptation measures in fisheries A wide range of adaptations is possible, either carried out in anticipation of future effects or in response to impacts once they have occurred. In general, responses to direct impacts of extreme events on fisheries infrastructure and communities are likely to be more effective if they are anticipatory, as part of long-term integrated management planning. However, preparation should be commensurate with risk, as excessive protective measures could themselves have negative social and economic impacts. Examples of potential adaptation measures in fisheries Impact of climate change on fisheries Potential adaptation measures Reduced yield Access higher value markets/ shifting targeted species. Increase effort or fishing power. Reduce costs to increase efficiency. Diversify livelihoods. Exit the fishery. Increased variability of yield Diversify livelihood. Design insurance schemes. Change in distribution of fisheries Migration of fishing effort/strategies and processing/distribution facilities. Reduced profitability Exit the fishery. Vulnerability of infrastructure and communities to flooding, sea level and surges Add new or improved physical defences. Managed retreat/accommodation. Rehabilitate infrastructure, design disaster response. Integrated coastal management. Set up early warning systems. Education. Increased dangers of fishing Set up weather warning system. Invest in improved vessel stability/safety/ communications. Influx of new fishers Support existing local management institutions, diversify livelihoods. Potential adaptation measures in post-harvest, distribution and markets Both capture fisheries and aquaculture feed into diverse and spatially extensive networks of supply and trade that connect production with consumers, adding significant value and generating important levels of employment. To some extent, this system can be used to provide an important mediation and buffering function to increasing variability in supply and source location, but direct impacts will also affect its ability to do so. A range of issues and adaptation measures can be considered. Table: Climate change-related impacts potential adaptation in post-harvest/distribution Impact on post harvest, distribution/markets Potential adaptation measures Reduced or more variable yields, supply timing Source products more widely, change species, add value, reduce losses Develop more flexible location strategies to access materials Improve communications and distribution systems Reduce costs to increase efficiency Diversify livelihoods Temperature, precipitation, other effects on post- harvest processes Change or improve processes and technologies Improve forecasting, information Vulnerability of infrastructure and communities to extreme events Add new or improved physical defences, accommodation to change Rehabilitate infrastructure, design disaster response Set up early warning systems, education Trade and market shocks Diversify markets and products Provide information services for anticipation of price or market shocks Management and institutional adaptations Ecosystem approaches to fisheries (EAF) and to aquaculture (EAA) that embed precautionary approach applications within integrated management (IM) across all sectors have the potential to increase ecosystem and community resilience and provide valuable frameworks for dealing with climate change. This would create flexible management systems and support decision-making under uncertainty. Where aquaculture could be used for adaptation in other sectors, planning would be required at appropriate system and management scales, such as watersheds, and estuaries. These approaches would serve to provide guidance in understanding and minimizing perverse incentives that lead to overcapacity, overfishing, excessive environmental impact and other harmful practices while, at the same time, defining positive incentives to meet sustainable development goals. Well defined sectoral performance criteria need to be set out to bring climate change threats, risks and potential adaptations within normal management practice. Public and private sector linkages and partnerships will be essential in developing efficient and effective responses. Market demands will be key mechanisms in supporting adaptation, and their impacts on equity among suppliers, intermediaries and consumers will need to be recognized and applied. Thus certification systems, including sustainability, organic, fair-trade and other criteria will need to be addressed more carefully in the context of climate change, and consider the potential for more vulnerable groups to take advantage of economic opportunity. Adaptation will need to contain strong mechanisms for equity, as increased competition may reduce access for poorer people and other vulnerable groups to production, employment and consumption. For the global issue of the climate change we can contribute through some of the goals which are given below: raising awareness of the impacts of climate change, to ensure that the special risks to the fishery sector are understood and used to plan national climate change responses, including setting of mitigation targets through mechanisms such as the Kyoto Protocol; reducing fuel subsidies granted to fishing fleets, to encourage energy efficiency and assist towards reducing overcapitalization in fisheries; supporting the use of static-gear pots, traps, longlines and gillnets, which uses less fuel than active gear such as trawls and seines and therefore emits less CO2; restoring mangroves and protecting coral reefs, which will contribute to CO2 absorption, coastal protection, fisheries and livelihoods; managing aquaculture to optimize carbon retention, reduce energy use and minimize impacts on mangroves and other important habitats; and Raising awareness through seafood campaigns, reducing food miles, and promoting corporate social responsibility in the commercial sector. promoting research on short- and medium-term climate change impacts to support the identification of vulnerability hot spots and the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies, including financing and risk reduction mechanisms aimed at enabling integrated and broader national planning; addressing other issues contributing to vulnerability of the sectors communities, such as access to markets and services, political representation and improved governance; and Engaging in long-term adaptation planning, including promotion of fisheries- and aquaculture related climate issues in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and National Adaptation Programs of Action, to address longer-term trends or potential large-scale shifts in resources or ecosystems.